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Biology A level > 4.1.1 communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system > Flashcards

4.1.1 communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

a disease that can be spread between organisms

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2
Q

what is a disease

A

a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism

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3
Q

what type of pathogen causes tuberculosis

A

bacteria

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4
Q

how is tuberculosis spread

A

droplets from an infected individuals coughs/sneezes

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5
Q

how can we reduce tuberculosis transmission

A

vaccination and less crowded living conditions

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6
Q

how do we treat tuberculosis

A

antibiotics

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7
Q

what type of pathogen causes meningitis

A

bacteria

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8
Q

how can we reduce meningitis transmission

A

vaccination and less crowded living conditions

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9
Q

how is meningitis spread

A

droplets from an infected individuals coughs/sneezes

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10
Q

how do we treat meningitis

A

antibiotics

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11
Q

how is ring rot spread

A

direct contact, wind and water, soil and via pests/animals

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12
Q

what type of pathogen causes ring rot

A

bacteria

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13
Q

how can we reduce ring rot transmission

A

insecticides/fungicides
fertilizers
washing hands/tools/machinery
remove infected species
crop rotation
antibacterial/antivirals
keep animals and pests away

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14
Q

how do we treat/prevent ring rot

A

no cure but can reduce spread to other plants

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15
Q

what pathogen causes influenza

A

virus

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16
Q

how is influenza spread

A

droplets from an infected individuals coughs/sneezes

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17
Q

how do we prevent/treat influenza

A

vaccination, good hygiene
antiviral drugs

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18
Q

what pathogen causes HIV

A

virus

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19
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A

contact of bodily fluids

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20
Q

how can HIV be prevented/treated

A

no cure
immunosuppressants
prevented by barrier protection and education

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21
Q

how do we prevent/treat TMV

A

no cure
prevented by
insecticides/fungicides
fertilizers
washing hands/tools/machinery
remove infected species
crop rotation
antibacterial/antivirals
keep animals and pests away

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22
Q

what pathogen causes tobacco mosaic

A

virus

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23
Q

how is TMV spread

A

direct contact, wind and water, soil and via pests/animals

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24
Q

what pathogen causes malaria

A

protist

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25
Q

how do we prevent/treat malaria

A

limiting contact with vectors with nets/insecticides
medicine

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26
Q

how is malaria spread

A

spread by mosquitos as a vector

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27
Q

what pathogen causes late blight

A

virus

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28
Q

how is late blight transmitted

A

direct contact, wind and water, soil and via pests/animals

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29
Q

how is late blight prevented/treated

A

insecticides/fungicides
fertilizers
washing hands/tools/machinery
remove infected species
crop rotation
antibacterial/antivirals
keep animals and pests away

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30
Q

what pathogen causes athletes foot

A

fungi

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31
Q

how is athletes foot spread

A

direct contact with infected skin or spores

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32
Q

how is athletes foot prevented/treated

A

fungal creams
prevent going barefoot in damp areas

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33
Q

what pathogen causes black sigatoka

A

fungi

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34
Q

how is black sigatoka spread

A

direct contact, wind and water, soil and via pests/animals

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35
Q

how is black sigatoka prevented/treated

A

insecticides/fungicides
fertilizers
washing hands/tools/machinery
remove infected species
crop rotation
antibacterial/antivirals
keep animals and pests away

36
Q

what is the structure of a virus

A

they have no cell structure and connot preform cellular functions

37
Q

how to viruses cause disease

A

they in vade host cells and use them to replicate. the cells then burst releasing more viruses. the damage to cells causes us too feel symptoms

38
Q

what are protists

A

unicellular eukaryotes which are often spread by vectors

39
Q

what are fungi

A

they have filaments called hyphae which form a network in the host/soil

40
Q

how does overcrowded living conditions spread disease

A

if one person gets a disease it will spread easily due to close proximity to other people

41
Q

how can climates effect disease transmission

A

some diseases are more common during wet summers so spores can be spread in water
certain vectors like specific climate conditions

42
Q

what is the primary non specific immune response

A

defences that have been adaptions to prevent disease from happening

43
Q

what is the role of skin in the non specific immune response

A

it acts as a physical barrier blocking pathogens from entering. it also acts as a chemical barrier because it secretes antimicrobial chemicals which lower skin pH

44
Q

what is the role of mucous membranes in the non specific immune response

A

they protect body openings that are exposed. mucous traps pathogens and contains antimicrobial membranes

45
Q

what is the role of blood clotting in the non specific immune response

A

they plug wounds to stop pathogens entering. formed from a series of chemical reactions that take place when platelets are exposed to damaged blood vessels

46
Q

what is the role of inflammation in the non specific immune response

A

damaged tissue releases molecules which increase the permeability of blood vessels so that more tissue fluid is formed.
this isolates pathogens and cause vasodilation making the area warm and increases blood flow

47
Q

what is the role of wound repair in the non specific immune response

A

the skin surface is repaired by outer layer of skin cells dividing and migrating to edges of he wound. the tissue below contracts to bring the edges closer. it is repaired using collagen fibres

48
Q

what is the role of expulsive reflexes in the non specific immune response

A

a sneeze happens when the mucous membrane in the nose re irritated by things, a cough happens when there is irritation in the respiratory tract. these happen automatically

49
Q

what are some physical plant defences against disease

A

waxy cuticle - physical barrier stops water collecting on leaves
cell walls - physical barrier
produce callose - deposited between cell wall and membrane or at plasmodesmata during stress

50
Q

what are some chemical plant defences

A

producing antimicrobial chemicals
saponins and phytoalexins destroy cell membranes and inhibit growth of pathogens
secrete toxins to kill pests

51
Q

what is the specific immune response

A

it is antigen specific so it is aimed at different pathogens

52
Q

what are neutrophils

A

they are a type of white blood cell which are the first to respond to an infection due to signals from cytokines from damaged cells

53
Q

what are macrophages

A

after ingesting a pathogen it presents antigens on its surface triggering the specific immune response

54
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

the engulfment and digestion of pathogens

55
Q

how des phagocytosis work

A

a phagocyte recognises an antigen as non self. the cytoplasm moves around the pathogen engulfing it. this is helped by opsonins
this is called a phagosome
a lysosome fuses with the phagosome and the digestive enzymes break it down
the phagocyte then presents the antigens on its cell membrane acting as an antigen presenting cell

56
Q

what is the cell mediated specific response and what happens during it

A

the antigen presenting cell binds to specific receptors o a T lymphocyte. this activates the t lymphocyte in clonal selection
the t cell then goes through clonal expansion where it divides to produce clones of itself
it then differentiates to form different types of t lymphocytes

57
Q

what do T helper cells do

A

they release substances to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells

58
Q

what do T killer cells do

A

they kill infected cells and kill pathogens by releasing perforins

59
Q

what do T regulatory cells do

A

they suppress the immune response so they do not attack the host cells

60
Q

what do memory cells do

A

remember the response to a specific antigen so that the person is immune

61
Q

what is the cell humoral specific response and what happens during it

A

the antibodies on the surface of a B lymphocyte bind to the antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes. this with substances secreted from T helper cells activates the B cell. this is clonal selection
it then divides into plasma cells and memory cells in clonal expansion

62
Q

what are plasma cells

A

they make and secrete antibodies

63
Q

what is an antibody

A

glycoproteins

64
Q

what is the structure of an antibody

A

4 polypeptide chains - 2 heavy and 2 light
each chain has a variable region specific to each antibody and a constant region.
the hinge region allows flexibility when the antibody binds to the antigen
disulfide bridges hold the chains together

65
Q

how do antibodies agglutinate pathogens

A

each of the two binding sites binds to a different pathogen grouping them all together so a phagocyte can engulf them all at once

66
Q

how do antibodies neutralise toxins

A

antibodies complementary to the toxins bind to them preventing them damaging cells

67
Q

how do antibodies prevent pathogens from binding to human cells

A

when antibodies bind to antigens it may block cell surface receptors that pathogens need to bind to host cells

68
Q

what is the primary response

A

the immune response when you come into contact with the pathogen for the first time

69
Q

what is the secondary response

A

the immune response when we have already come into contact with a specific pathogen

70
Q

what is different about the primary and secondary responses

A

primary has a delay where we feel the symptoms when antibodies are being made. this delay is not in the secondary response as we have memory cells

71
Q

what is an example of passive, natural immunity

A

antibodies passed down from the mother through blood or breast milk

72
Q

what are passive and active immunity

A

active is when your body makes its own antibodies after stimulation from a pathogen
passive is when we are given antibodies from a different organism

73
Q

what is an example of active, natural immunity

A

when you become immune after catching the disease

74
Q

what is an example of passive, artificial immunity

A

when you become immune after antibodies from someone else are injected

75
Q

what is an example of active, artificial immunity

A

when you are given a vaccination

76
Q

how do vaccines work

A

we are injected with dead or inactive pathogens that simulate the immune response forming memory cells

77
Q

why do some vaccines change regularly

A

some diseases mutate quickly so new vaccines are needed to target them as they become inefficient

78
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when most of the population get the vaccine it means people who aren’t vaccinated are less likely to get it

79
Q

what is an autoimmune disease and how are they treated

A

they recognise self antigens as foreign and coordinate an immune response against its own tissues

80
Q

what are antibiotics

A

chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

81
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of antibiotics

A

they can kill bacterial cells without damaging normal cells
antibiotic resistance
allergic reactions

82
Q

how can we overcome antibiotic resistance

A

developing and modifying antibiotics
doctors encouraged to reduce their use of antibiotics and patients advised to finish the full course of antibiotics

83
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

when variation in bacteria means some may have resistant genes. natural selection means that these breed so there becomes populations which are resistant and some antibiotics do not work for them

84
Q

why must we protect biodiversity for healthcare

A

many medicines come from natural compounds found in plants, animals and microorganisms

85
Q

what does the future of medicine look like

A

can use genetics to predict what drugs will work best
synthetic biology applied to medicine

Biology A level (13 decks)

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