4.1.1 Basics of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What does nomenclature mean?
- The system used for naming organic compounds
What does the term empirical formula mean?
- Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule
What does the term molecular formula mean?
- The actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule
What does the term displayed formula mean?
- It shows every atom and every bond in a molecule
What does the term structural formula mean?
- It shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond
Define skeletal formula.
- A type of formula drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom
- Carbon atoms not drawn, assumed each C atom has unspecified C-H bonds
Define homologous series.
- A series of organic compounds having the same functional group
- Each successive member differs by CH₂
What is a functional group?
- A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
- Hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined in a straight or branched chain
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
- Hydrocarbons arranged in non-aromatic rings, with or without side chains
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
- Hydrocarbon containing at least one benzene ring
Give the suffixes for: a) No double bonds b) At least one double bond c) An alcohol d) An aldehyde e) A ketone f) A carboxylic acid
a) -ane
b) -ene
c) -ol
d) -al
e) -one
f) -oic acid
Give the prefixes for: a) CH₃ group b) C₂H₅ group c) C₃H₇ group d) C₄H₉ group e) Cl group f) Br group g) I group
a) methyl-
b) ethyl-
c) propyl-
d) butyl-
e) chloro-
f) bromo-
g) iodo-
What is the general formula of alkanes?
- CnH₂n+₂
What is the general formula of alkenes?
- CnH₂n
What is the general formula of alcohols?
- CnH₂n+₁OH
What does saturated mean?
- Organic compounds containing only single bonds
What are unsaturated compounds?
- Organic compounds with at least one carbon-carbon double bond
Define structural isomerism.
- Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
What are the 3 ways structural isomers can be formed?
- Alkyl groups in different places
- Functional groups bonded to different parts
- Different functional groups
What are stereoisomers?
- Compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space
What is E-Z isomerism and how are E and Z isomers differentiated?
- E-Z isomerism arises due to restricted rotation about C=C bonds
- Z (zusammen): substituents with highest atomic number on the same side
- E (entgegen): substituents with highest atomic number on opposite sides
What is Cis-trans isomerism?
- A special type of E/Z isomerism where two substituents on each carbon atom are the same
What is homolytic fission?
- Each bonding atom receives one electron from the bond, forming two radicals
What is heterolytic fission?
- One bonding atom receives both electrons, forming ions
What are radicals?
- Highly reactive, neutral species
How is a covalent bond formed from two radicals?
- Radicals collide and electrons are shared to form a bond
