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Chemistry > 4.1.1 Basic concepts of organic chemistry > Flashcards

4.1.1 Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the steps for naming organic compounds?

A

1 - find the longest continuous carbon chain

2 - look for functional group

3 - number the functional group and use the lowest number

4 - add the side chain - if there is 2 side chains put in alphabetic order

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2
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 1 carbon?

A

meth

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3
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 2 carbons?

A

eth

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4
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 3 carbons?

A

prop

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5
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 4 carbons?

A

but

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6
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 5 carbons?

A

pent

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7
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 6 carbons?

A

hex

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8
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 7 carbons?

A

hept

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9
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 8 carbons?

A

oct

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10
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 9 carbons?

A

non

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11
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 10 carbons?

A

dec

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12
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an alkane?

A
  • ane
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13
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an haloalkane?

A
  • ane
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14
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an alcohol?

A
  • ol
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15
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an alkene?

A
  • ene
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16
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an aldehyde?

A
  • al
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17
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is a ketone?

A
  • one
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18
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is a carboxylic acid?

A
  • oic acid
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19
Q

what is the functional group of an alkane?

A

there is none

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20
Q

what is the functional group of an haloalkane?

A

a halogen - group 7

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21
Q

what is the functional group of an alcohol?

A

OH

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22
Q

what is the functional group of an alkene?

A

C = C (carbon double bond)

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23
Q

what is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

O = C– H (oxygen double bond to carbon then carbon to hydrogen single bond)

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24
Q

what is the functional group of a ketone?

A

O = C – C (oxygen double bond to carbon then carbon to carbon single bond)

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25
Q

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

O = C – OH (oxygen double bond to carbon then carbon to hydroxide single bond)

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26
Q

if there is 1 carbon on the side chain off the longest carbon chain, what does the compound name start with?

A

methyl

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27
Q

if there is 1 carbon on the side chain off the longest carbon chain, what does the compound name start with?

A

ethyl

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28
Q

if there is 3 carbons on the side chain off the longest carbon chain, what does the compound name start with?

A

propyl

29
Q

what does homologous series mean?

A

same functional group but change by CH2

30
Q

what is a functional group?

A

responsible for the characteristic of a compound

31
Q

what is the general formula of an alkyl group?

A

CnH2n +1

32
Q

what does aliphatic mean?

A

a compound containing hydrogen and carbon joined together in straight, branched or non aromatic rings

33
Q

what is an example of something that is not aliphatic?

A

benzene ring

34
Q

what does alicyclic mean?

A

aliphatic compounds arranged in non aromatic rings with or without side chains e.g. cyclohexane

35
Q

what does aromatic mean?

A

compound containing a benzene ring

36
Q

what is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

contains only single bonds

37
Q

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

contains double / triple bonds

38
Q

are alkanes reactive or unreactive?

A

unreactive

39
Q

what bonds do alkanes contain?

A

sigma bonds

40
Q

where does a sigma bond form in an alkane?

A

each covalent bond has a direct overlap of the electron clouds from each atom making a sigma bond

41
Q

what shape are all alkanes?

A

tetrahedral

42
Q

what does more branching on an alkane mean for the melting and boiling point?

A

lower melting and boiling point

43
Q

why does more branching on an alkane mean lower melting and boiling points?

A
  • there are less points of contact
  • weaker London forces
  • less energy needed to overcome
  • boiling point decreases
44
Q

why are alkanes unreactive?

A

carbon to carbon and carbon to hydrogen bonds are strong covalent

carbon to carbon bonds are non polar

carbon to hydrogen bonds are virtually non polar

molecules are symmetrical therefore non polar

45
Q

what does the name of a compound start with if there is more than one of the same group found on the carbon chain?

A

di if 2

tri if 3

46
Q

what is the definition for displayed formula?

A

shows the relative positions of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

47
Q

what is the definition of structural formula?

A

gives the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. (CH3)2CO

48
Q

what is the definition of skeletal formula?

A

the briefest way of representing organic compounds or molecules

lines are used to indicate alkyl chains and every corner represents a carbon

49
Q

what is the definition of an isomer?

A

a compound that had the same molecular formula but different structural formula

50
Q

what is chain structural isomerism caused by?

A

caused by different arrangements of the carbon skeleton

51
Q

do chain structural isomers have similar chemical properties to each other?

A

Yes

52
Q

do chain structural isomers have similar physical properties to each other?

A

No - they are slightly different

53
Q

what does more branching in a chain structural isomer mean?

A

lower boiling point

54
Q

what is important about the functional group in a structural isomer?

A

it has the same functional group just in a different position

molecule has the same carbon skeleton

55
Q

what is a functional group structural isomer?

A

molecules have the same molecular formula

molecules have different functional group

56
Q

do functional group structural isomers have the same chemical properties?

A

no - they have different

57
Q

do functional group structural isomers gave the same physical properties?

A

no - they have different

58
Q

why are alkanes commonly used as fuels?

A

they react well with a supply of oxygen, releasing energy

59
Q

what is complete combustion?

A

plentiful supply of oxygen, combustion will always lead to the production of carbon dioxide and water

60
Q

what is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

fuel + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

61
Q

what is incomplete combustion?

A

in a limited supply of oxygen, combustion of alkanes will lead to the production of carbon monoxide, soot and water

62
Q

what is an example of a word equation for incomplete combustion?

A

butane + oxygen —-> carbon + carbon monoxide + water

63
Q

what conditions are needed for free radical substitution to take place?

A

UV light - causes the covalent bond in a diatomic molecule to break, allowing a reaction with an alkane

64
Q

what is the first step in free radical substitution?

A

initiation (homolytic fission)

the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

65
Q

give an example of an initiation equation in free radical substitution

A

UV
Cl2 —-> 2 ~ Cl

66
Q

what is a radical?

A

a highly reactive species due to having an unpaired electron

67
Q

what is step two in free radical substitution?

A

propagation (ALWAYS TWO STEPS)

the free radical reacts with a molecule to produce a new molecule and new free radical

  1. CH4 + Cl . —-> . CH3 +HCL
  2. .CH3 + Cl2 —-> CH3Cl + Cl.
68
Q

what is step three in free radical substitution?

A

termination - TWO free radicals react to form a new molecule

.CH3 + .CH3 —> CH3CH3

Cl . + Cl . —-> Cl2

Cl . + . CH3 —-> CH3Cl

69
Q

why is further substitution to alkanes not the most efficient process?

A

lots of products made so not a good/efficient way of making a particular product

the reaction has a limited use in synthesis (making desired product in a number of steps)

Chemistry (5 decks)

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