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Chemistry > 4.1.1 Basic concepts of organic chemistry > Flashcards

4.1.1 Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what are the steps for naming organic compounds?

A

1 - find the longest continuous carbon chain

2 - look for functional group

3 - number the functional group and use the lowest number

4 - add the side chain - if there is 2 side chains put in alphabetic order

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2
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 1 carbon?

A

meth

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3
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 2 carbons?

A

eth

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4
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 3 carbons?

A

prop

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5
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 4 carbons?

A

but

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6
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 5 carbons?

A

pent

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7
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 6 carbons?

A

hex

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8
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 7 carbons?

A

hept

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9
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 8 carbons?

A

oct

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10
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 9 carbons?

A

non

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11
Q

what is the prefix of an organic compound with 10 carbons?

A

dec

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12
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an alkane?

A
  • ane
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13
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an haloalkane?

A
  • ane
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14
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an alcohol?

A
  • ol
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15
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an alkene?

A
  • ene
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16
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is an aldehyde?

A
  • al
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17
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is a ketone?

A
  • one
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18
Q

what is the ending of an organic compound that is a carboxylic acid?

A
  • oic acid
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19
Q

what is the functional group of an alkane?

A

there is none

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20
Q

what is the functional group of an haloalkane?

A

a halogen - group 7

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21
Q

what is the functional group of an alcohol?

A

OH

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22
Q

what is the functional group of an alkene?

A

C = C (carbon double bond)

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23
Q

what is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

O = C– H (oxygen double bond to carbon then carbon to hydrogen single bond)

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24
Q

what is the functional group of a ketone?

A

O = C – C (oxygen double bond to carbon then carbon to carbon single bond)

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25
Q

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

O = C – OH (oxygen double bond to carbon then carbon to hydroxide single bond)

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26
Q

if there is 1 carbon on the side chain off the longest carbon chain, what does the compound name start with?

A

methyl

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27
Q

if there is 1 carbon on the side chain off the longest carbon chain, what does the compound name start with?

A

ethyl

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28
Q

if there is 3 carbons on the side chain off the longest carbon chain, what does the compound name start with?

A

propyl

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29
Q

what does homologous series mean?

A

same functional group but change by CH2

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30
Q

what is a functional group?

A

responsible for the characteristic of a compound

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31
Q

what is the general formula of an alkyl group?

A

CnH2n +1

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32
Q

what does aliphatic mean?

A

a compound containing hydrogen and carbon joined together in straight, branched or non aromatic rings

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33
Q

what is an example of something that is not aliphatic?

A

benzene ring

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34
Q

what does alicyclic mean?

A

aliphatic compounds arranged in non aromatic rings with or without side chains e.g. cyclohexane

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35
Q

what does aromatic mean?

A

compound containing a benzene ring

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36
Q

what is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

contains only single bonds

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37
Q

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

contains double / triple bonds

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38
Q

are alkanes reactive or unreactive?

A

unreactive

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39
Q

what bonds do alkanes contain?

A

sigma bonds

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40
Q

where does a sigma bond form in an alkane?

A

each covalent bond has a direct overlap of the electron clouds from each atom making a sigma bond

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41
Q

what shape are all alkanes?

A

tetrahedral

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42
Q

what does more branching on an alkane mean for the melting and boiling point?

A

lower melting and boiling point

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43
Q

why does more branching on an alkane mean lower melting and boiling points?

A
  • there are less points of contact
  • weaker London forces
  • less energy needed to overcome
  • boiling point decreases
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44
Q

why are alkanes unreactive?

A

carbon to carbon and carbon to hydrogen bonds are strong covalent

carbon to carbon bonds are non polar

carbon to hydrogen bonds are virtually non polar

molecules are symmetrical therefore non polar

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45
Q

what does the name of a compound start with if there is more than one of the same group found on the carbon chain?

A

di if 2

tri if 3

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46
Q

what is the definition for displayed formula?

A

shows the relative positions of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

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47
Q

what is the definition of structural formula?

A

gives the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. (CH3)2CO

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48
Q

what is the definition of skeletal formula?

A

the briefest way of representing organic compounds or molecules

lines are used to indicate alkyl chains and every corner represents a carbon

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49
Q

what is the definition of an isomer?

A

a compound that had the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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50
Q

what is chain structural isomerism caused by?

A

caused by different arrangements of the carbon skeleton

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51
Q

do chain structural isomers have similar chemical properties to each other?

A

Yes

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52
Q

do chain structural isomers have similar physical properties to each other?

A

No - they are slightly different

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53
Q

what does more branching in a chain structural isomer mean?

A

lower boiling point

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54
Q

what is important about the functional group in a structural isomer?

A

it has the same functional group just in a different position

molecule has the same carbon skeleton

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55
Q

what is a functional group structural isomer?

A

molecules have the same molecular formula

molecules have different functional group

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56
Q

do functional group structural isomers have the same chemical properties?

A

no - they have different

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57
Q

do functional group structural isomers gave the same physical properties?

A

no - they have different

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58
Q

why are alkanes commonly used as fuels?

A

they react well with a supply of oxygen, releasing energy

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59
Q

what is complete combustion?

A

plentiful supply of oxygen, combustion will always lead to the production of carbon dioxide and water

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60
Q

what is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

fuel + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

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61
Q

what is incomplete combustion?

A

in a limited supply of oxygen, combustion of alkanes will lead to the production of carbon monoxide, soot and water

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62
Q

what is an example of a word equation for incomplete combustion?

A

butane + oxygen —-> carbon + carbon monoxide + water

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63
Q

what conditions are needed for free radical substitution to take place?

A

UV light - causes the covalent bond in a diatomic molecule to break, allowing a reaction with an alkane

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64
Q

what is the first step in free radical substitution?

A

initiation (homolytic fission)

the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

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65
Q

give an example of an initiation equation in free radical substitution

A

UV
Cl2 —-> 2 ~ Cl

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66
Q

what is a radical?

A

a highly reactive species due to having an unpaired electron

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67
Q

what is step two in free radical substitution?

A

propagation (ALWAYS TWO STEPS)

the free radical reacts with a molecule to produce a new molecule and new free radical

  1. CH4 + Cl . —-> . CH3 +HCL
  2. .CH3 + Cl2 —-> CH3Cl + Cl.
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68
Q

what is step three in free radical substitution?

A

termination - TWO free radicals react to form a new molecule

.CH3 + .CH3 —> CH3CH3

Cl . + Cl . —-> Cl2

Cl . + . CH3 —-> CH3Cl

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69
Q

why is further substitution to alkanes not the most efficient process?

A

lots of products made so not a good/efficient way of making a particular product

the reaction has a limited use in synthesis (making desired product in a number of steps)

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70
Q

how many bonding regions do alkenes have?

A

three

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71
Q

how many lone pairs do alkenes have?

A

none

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72
Q

what is the general formula for an alkene?

A

C2H2n

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73
Q

what are the bond angle in alkenes?

A

120 degrees

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74
Q

what are the shape of alkenes?

A

trigonal planar

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75
Q

are alkenes homologous series?

A

yes

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76
Q

are alkenes hydrocarbons?

A

yes

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77
Q

are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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78
Q

what double bond do alkenes have?

A

carbon to carbon

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79
Q

how are double bonds created in alkenes?

A

1 - covalent bonds are formed by overlapping orbitals

2 - an sp2 orbital from each carbon overlaps to form a single carbon to carbon bond

3 - the resulting bond is a sigma bond

4 - orbitals above and below the plane overlap to form a pi bond

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80
Q

what bond is in single carbon to carbon bond in an alkene?

A

sigma

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81
Q

what bond is above and below the plane in an alkene?

A

pi bond

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82
Q

what is a stereoisomer?

A

a compound with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space

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83
Q

why does structural isomerism occur?

A

due to the restricted rotation of carbon to carbon double bonds

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84
Q

when is something a Z stereo isomer?

A

when the highest priority groups are on the same side of the double bond

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85
Q

when is something an E stereo isomer?

A

when the highest priority groups are on the opposite sides across the double bond

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86
Q

when are there no stereo isomers?

A

if a C in the double bond has the same group on

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87
Q

when can cis-trans stereoisomerism occur?

A

if both carbons on the double bond contain the same group

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88
Q

when does cis stereoisomerism occur?

A

when it doesn’t go across the double bond

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89
Q

when does trans stereoisomerism occur?

A

when it goes across the double bond (down in a diagonal)

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90
Q

what is the bond enthalpy on a carbon to carbon single bond?

A

+347 kJ mol-1

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91
Q

what is the bond enthalpy on a carbon to carbon double bond?

A

+612 kJ mol-1

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92
Q

is a double bond or a single bond more likely to break during a chemical reaction?

A

double bond

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93
Q

are carbon to carbon double bonds electron rich?

A

yes

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94
Q

are alkanes or alkenes more reactive?

A

alkenes

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95
Q

what is the equation for a typical addition reaction for alkenes?

A

unsaturated alkene plus reactant equals saturated product

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96
Q

what is the world equation for the hydrogenation of ethene?

A

unsaturated ethene plus water equals unsaturated ethane

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97
Q

what are the conditions needed for the hydrogenation of ethene?

A

nickel catalyst

150 degrees Celsius

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98
Q

what is the word equation for the halogenation of ethene with chlorine?

A

ethene plus chlorine equals haloalkane

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99
Q

what are the conditions needed for the halogenation of ethene with chlorine?

A

room temperature

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100
Q

what is the test for unsaturation?

A

bromine water turns from orange to colourless when reacting with an alkene?

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101
Q

are alkanes unreactive?

A

yes

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102
Q

what does the alkene have to be for there to be wo products?

A

unsymmetrical

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103
Q

what are the conditions needed for the hydration of alkenes?

A

alkenes will react with steam, H2O in the presence of phosphoric acid to produce alcohols

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104
Q

what is the typical addition reaction for an alkene called?

A

electrophilic addition

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105
Q

what is an electrophile?

A

electron pair accepter

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106
Q

what is heterolytic fission?

A

the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation (+ion) and an anion (-ion)

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107
Q

what is Markownikoff’s rule?

A

the product depends upon the stability of the carbocation intermediate formed

the more stable the carbocation the more likely the product will be produced

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108
Q

if a primary and a secondary carbocation are formed, what will the main product be?

A

the secondary carbocation as it is more stable

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109
Q

what is the definition of polymerisation?

A

a process where small molecules called monomers join together into large molecules consisting of repeating units

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110
Q

what is addition polymerisation?

A

all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer

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111
Q

how do you draw an addition polymerisation equation?

A

small n on the left hand side of the alkene
arrow
brackets around product with arms sticking out and a small n in the bottom right hand corner

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112
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only.

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113
Q

Define saturated hydrocarbons.

A

Contain single carbon-carbon bonds only.

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114
Q

What characterizes unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Contains a C=C double bond.

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115
Q

What does a molecular formula show?

A

The actual number of each type of atom.

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116
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

Shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.

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117
Q

Define general formula in organic chemistry.

A

Algebraic formula for a homologous series, e.g., CnH2n.

118
Q

What does a structural formula represent?

A

The arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

119
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

Shows all the covalent bonds present in a molecule.

120
Q

When drawing organic compounds, how many bonds should each carbon have?

A

Each carbon should have 4 bonds.

121
Q

What is the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Tetrahedral with a bond angle of 109.5°.

122
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

A simplified organic formula showing only the carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

123
Q

Define aliphatic compounds.

A

Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen joined in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings.

124
Q

What are alicyclic compounds?

A

Aliphatic compounds arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains.

125
Q

What defines aromatic compounds?

A

Contain a benzene ring.

126
Q

What are homologous series?

A

Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula.

127
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms that causes similar chemical properties in different molecules.

128
Q

What is the suffix for alkanes?

129
Q

What is the suffix for alkenes?

130
Q

What is the suffix for alcohols?

131
Q

What prefix is used for haloalkanes?

A

chloro-, bromo-, iodo-.

132
Q

What is the suffix for aldehydes?

133
Q

What is the suffix for ketones?

134
Q

What suffix denotes carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid.

135
Q

What suffix is used for esters?

136
Q

Fill in the blank: The order of precedence for naming functional groups is: Carboxylic acids > _______ > ketones > alcohols > alkenes > halogenoalkanes.

A

aldehydes.

137
Q

True or False: In compounds with multiple functional groups, the highest precedence group takes the prefix form.

138
Q

What is the first step in naming carbon chains?

A

Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately

139
Q

What prefix is used for a branched chain with one carbon?

A

-CH (methyl)

140
Q

What is the prefix for a branched chain with two carbons?

A

-C2H5 (ethyl)

141
Q

List the prefixes for carbon chains with 1 to 4 carbons.

A
  • meth
  • eth
  • prop
  • but
142
Q

What is the rule for adding a suffix to a name when it starts with a vowel?

A

Remove the -e from the stem alkane name

143
Q

Provide an example of a suffix starting with a vowel.

A

Propan-1-ol

144
Q

What happens if the suffix starts with a consonant?

A

Do not remove the -e from the stem alkane name

145
Q

Give an example of a suffix starting with a consonant.

A

Propanenitrile

146
Q

How is the position of a functional group indicated?

A

By a number, counting from the end of the molecule that gives the functional group the lowest number

147
Q

Which functional groups are always on carbon 1?

A

Aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and nitriles

148
Q

When are numbers included in the name?

A

Only if they are needed to avoid ambiguity

149
Q

What takes precedence in numbering, functional groups or branched chains?

A

Functional groups take precedence

150
Q

What is the correct name for a compound with a double bond and a branched chain?

A

3-methylbut-1-ene

151
Q

What prefixes are used for multiple functional groups in naming?

A

di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, or hexa-

152
Q

How are words and numbers separated in chemical names?

A

Words are separated by dashes and numbers by commas

153
Q

What is the naming convention for alkenes?

A

The double bond will be between two carbons and use the lower number to show its position

154
Q

What does E or Z indicate in alkene naming?

A

The type of stereoisomer

155
Q

What suffix is used if more than one double bond is present?

A

diene or triene

156
Q

How are haloalkanes named?

A

Class the halogen as a substituent and use the prefix -fluoro, -chloro, -bromo, or -iodo

157
Q

What is the ending for alcohols in naming?

158
Q

What is added to the stem name if there are multiple -OH groups?

159
Q

What takes priority in numbering when an -OH group is present?

A

The OH group has a higher priority than halogenoalkane and alkene groups

160
Q

What is the correct naming for a compound with both an alkene and an -OH group?

A

The priority group gets the suffix and the OH is named with the prefix hydroxy-

161
Q

Fill in the blank: The suffix -en for alkenes can go in front of other _______.

A

[suffixes]

162
Q

What is the correct name for a compound with an -OH group and a higher priority functional group?

A

The higher priority group gets the suffix ending

163
Q

What is the naming convention for a compound with two functional groups, one being an -OH and the other a higher priority group?

A

The higher priority group gets the suffix and the -OH can be prefixed as hydroxy-

164
Q

What is the suffix for aldehydes?

165
Q

Where is the C=O bond located in aldehydes?

A

On the first carbon of the chain

166
Q

What prefix is used if there are two aldehyde groups?

167
Q

What suffix do ketones end with?

168
Q

When do ketones require a number in their name?

A

When they have 5 or more carbon atoms

169
Q

What prefix is used if there are two ketone groups?

170
Q

What is the name of the simplest aldehyde?

171
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

172
Q

Is a number necessary for the carboxylic acid group?

A

No, it must always be at the end of the chain

173
Q

What is the name for a carboxylic acid with two acid groups on both ends?

A

-dioic acid

174
Q

What are the two parts of an ester’s name?

A

The -yl part from the alcohol and -anoate from the carboxylic acid

175
Q

What is an example of an ester?

A

methylpropanoate

176
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Same molecular formula, different structures

177
Q

What are the types of structural isomerism?

A
  • Chain isomerism
  • Position isomerism
  • Functional group isomerism
178
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different carbon skeleton structures

179
Q

What is an example of chain isomers?

A
  • Pentane
  • 2-methylbutane
  • 2,2-dimethylpropane
180
Q

What are position isomers?

A

Same molecular formula, different positions of the same functional group

181
Q

Give an example of position isomers.

A
  • 1-bromopropane
  • 2-bromopropane
182
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Same molecular formula, different functional groups

183
Q

Provide an example of functional group isomers.

A
  • Methoxymethane (an ether)
  • Ethanol (an alcohol)
184
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes and cycloalkanes?

A

They have the same general formula

185
Q

What is the process called when each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond?

A

Homolytic fission

Homolytic fission forms two free radicals.

186
Q

What are Free Radicals?

A

Reactive species with an unpaired electron

Free Radicals do not have a charge and are represented by a •.

187
Q

What occurs during Heterolytic fission?

A

One atom gets both electrons from the bond

Heterolytic fission produces ions.

188
Q

What do most organic reactions occur via?

A

Heterolytic fission

This process produces ions.

189
Q

What is the purpose of drawing mechanisms in organic chemistry?

A

To show in detail how a reaction proceeds

Mechanisms help visualize the steps of a reaction.

190
Q

What do curly arrows in mechanisms represent?

A

Movement of an electron pair

Curly arrows indicate breaking or formation of a covalent bond.

191
Q

From where does a curly arrow always start?

A

From a lone pair of electrons or the center of a bond

This indicates the source of the electron pair movement.

192
Q

Fill in the blank: A Free Radical is a reactive species which possesses an _______.

A

unpaired electron

193
Q

True or False: Heterolytic fission produces free radicals.

A

False

Heterolytic fission produces ions, not free radicals.

194
Q

What charge does the carbon have in the given mechanism due to electronegativity difference?

A

Small positive charge

This occurs because of the difference in electronegativity between carbon and the halogen.

195
Q

What are alkanes and cycloalkanes classified as?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

196
Q

What type of bond is formed in alkanes between carbon atoms?

A

Sigma bond

197
Q

What is the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Tetrahedral

198
Q

What is the bond angle in alkanes?

A

109.5 degrees

199
Q

What causes the increasing boiling points in the alkane homologous series?

A

Increasing number of electrons causing increased induced dipole-dipole interactions (London forces)

200
Q

How do long chain alkanes compare to branched alkanes in terms of boiling points?

A

Long chain alkanes have stronger induced dipole-dipole interactions and higher boiling points

201
Q

What explains the low reactivity of alkanes with many reagents?

A

High bond enthalpies of C-C and C-H bonds and very low polarity of sigma bonds

202
Q

What is the definition of a fuel?

A

Releases heat energy when burnt

203
Q

What are the products of complete combustion of alkanes?

A

CO and H2O

204
Q

What occurs during incomplete combustion of alkanes?

A

Produces CO and/or C

205
Q

What is a dangerous consequence of incomplete combustion?

A

Production of carbon monoxide (CO), which is toxic

206
Q

What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?

A

Conversion of large hydrocarbons to smaller molecules by breaking C-C bonds

207
Q

What are the conditions for catalytic cracking?

A

Slight pressure and high temperature (450°C)

208
Q

What type of hydrocarbons does catalytic cracking produce?

A

Branched and cyclic alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons

209
Q

Why is catalytic cracking economically beneficial?

A

Shorter C chain petroleum fractions are in more demand than larger ones

210
Q

What catalyst is used in catalytic cracking?

A

Zeolite catalyst

211
Q

Fill in the blank: Alkanes readily burn in the presence of _______.

212
Q

True or False: Carbon monoxide is an odourless gas that can cause death in enclosed spaces.

213
Q

What is the effect of carbon (soot) on the environment?

A

Causes global dimming by reflecting the sun’s light

214
Q

What is steroisomerism?

A

A form of isomerism where molecules have the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms.

215
Q

What are substitution reactions of alkanes?

A

Reactions where hydrogen atoms in alkanes are replaced by halogen atoms.

216
Q

What is the synthesis of chloroalkanes?

A

The process of converting alkanes into chloroalkanes by substituting hydrogen with chlorine.

217
Q

What happens when alkanes react with bromine or chlorine in UV light?

A

They form a mixture of products with halogens substituting hydrogen atoms.

218
Q

What is the overall reaction for methane reacting with chlorine?

A

CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl

219
Q

Why do alkanes generally not react with many reagents?

A

Because the C-C and C-H bonds are relatively strong.

220
Q

What is the mechanism called for the reaction of alkanes with halogens?

A

Free radical substitution.

221
Q

What are the three steps in the free radical substitution mechanism?

A
  • Initiation
  • Propagation
  • Termination
222
Q

What occurs during the initiation step of the free radical substitution?

A

UV light breaks the Cl-Cl bond, forming chlorine free radicals.

223
Q

Define a free radical.

A

A reactive species which possesses an unpaired electron.

224
Q

What happens during the propagation step?

A

Chlorine free radicals react with methane and regenerate Cl free radicals.

225
Q

What is the termination step in the free radical substitution?

A

The collision of two free radicals that does not generate further free radicals.

226
Q

What is the essential condition for the initiation step?

227
Q

Provide the initiation reaction for bromine.

A

Br₂ → 2Br*

228
Q

What is the overall reaction equation for the formation of CCl₃ from CH₄ + Cl₂?

A

CH₄ + 4 Cl₂ → CCl₄ + 4 HCl

229
Q

Fill in the blank: In the presence of excess Cl, further substitution can produce _______.

A

CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄

230
Q

What is a minor step in the termination process that can lead to impurities?

A

The formation of ethane.

231
Q

What happens when a halogen is substituted onto a middle carbon in the alkane chain?

A

The free radical dot must be placed on the correct carbon during propagation.

232
Q

What is always the side product in these reactions?

233
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

234
Q

What type of bond exists in alkenes?

A

Carbon-carbon double bond

235
Q

What components make up a C=C double bond?

A
  • One sigma (σ) bond
  • One pi (π) bond
236
Q

What type of hydrocarbons are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

237
Q

Why must numbers be added to the names of alkenes?

A

When positional isomers can occur

238
Q

What is the bond angle around the C=C double bond in alkenes?

239
Q

What is the characteristic structure of the π bond in alkenes?

A

Formed by sideways overlap of two p orbitals

240
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

Species that ‘like’ electrons and can attack π bonds

241
Q

True or False: Rotation can occur around a pi bond.

242
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Same structural formulae but different spatial arrangement of atoms

243
Q

What is E-Z stereoisomerism?

A

A type of isomerism due to restricted rotation about the C=C bond

244
Q

What leads to the existence of E-Z isomers?

A

Two different groups/atoms attached at both ends of the double bond

245
Q

Fill in the blank: But-1-ene is a structural isomer of ______.

246
Q

What does the ‘Z’ in Z-but-2-ene indicate?

A

Priority atoms are on the same side of the double bond

247
Q

What does the ‘E’ in E-but-2-ene indicate?

A

Priority atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond

248
Q

What are Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules used for?

A

Determining priority groups on both sides of the double bond

249
Q

How do you determine the priority of atoms in CIP rules?

A
  • Compare atomic numbers of atoms directly attached to each side
  • If same, consider atoms at distance 2 from the double bond
250
Q

What is the significance of having different groups attached to a double bond?

A

Leads to the formation of E-Z isomers

251
Q

What happens if two identical groups are attached to one end of a double bond?

A

No E-Z isomers exist

252
Q

What is cis-trans isomerism?

A

A special case of ElZ isomerism where two of the substituent groups are the same

253
Q

What is another name for Z-but-2-ene?

A

Cis-but-2-ene

254
Q

How do E-Z stereoisomers differ in terms of physical properties?

A

They can have differing melting and boiling points

255
Q

What is another name for E-but-2-ene?

A

Trans-but-2-ene

256
Q

What is the boiling point of Z-1,2-dichloroethene?

257
Q

Why is Z-1,2-dichloroethene considered polar?

A

The polar C-Cl bonds are on the same side of the molecule, creating a slight negative charge

258
Q

What intermolecular forces are present in Z-1,2-dichloroethene?

A
  • London forces
  • Permanent dipole-dipole attractions
259
Q

What is the boiling point of E-1,2-dichloroethene?

260
Q

Why is E-1,2-dichloroethene considered non-polar?

A

The polar C-Cl bonds are on opposite sides of the molecule, causing the dipoles to cancel out

261
Q

What intermolecular forces are present in E-1,2-dichloroethene?

A
  • Only London forces
262
Q

What type of reaction occurs when alkenes react with hydrogen?

A

Addition reaction

263
Q

What is the change in functional group when alkenes react with hydrogen?

A

Alkene → Alkane

264
Q

What are the conditions required for the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?

A

Nickel catalyst

265
Q

What is the type of reaction when alkenes react with hydrogen?

A

Addition/reduction

266
Q

What type of reaction occurs when alkenes react with bromine or chlorine?

A

Electrophilic Addition

267
Q

What is the change in functional group when alkenes react with bromine?

A

Alkene → Dihaloalkane

268
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction of alkenes with bromine?

A

Room temperature (not in UV light)

269
Q

What type of bond fission occurs in the reaction of alkenes with bromine?

A

Heterolytic

270
Q

What does the term ‘electrophile’ refer to?

A

An electron pair acceptor

271
Q

What is formed as an intermediate when alkenes react with bromine?

A

Carbocation

272
Q

What is the change in functional group when alkenes react with hydrogen bromide?

A

alkene → haloalkane

273
Q

What are the reagents used in the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen bromide?

A

HCl or HBr

274
Q

What are the essential conditions for the reaction of alkenes with HBr?

A

Room temperature

275
Q

What is the mechanism of the reaction between hydrogen bromide and alkenes?

A

Electrophilic Addition

276
Q

What type of reagent is hydrogen bromide in the context of this reaction?

A

Electrophile, H+

277
Q

What is the significance of the polar nature of HBr in the reaction with alkenes?

A

The H+ is attracted to the electron-rich pi bond.

278
Q

What does Markownikoff’s Rule state regarding the addition of hydrogen bromide to unsymmetrical alkenes?

A

It can lead to two isomeric products.

279
Q

Why is one carbocation intermediate more stable than another during the electrophilic addition to alkenes?

A

Methyl groups on either side of the positive carbon are electron releasing and reduce the charge on the ion.

280
Q

What is the order of stability for carbocations?

A

tertiary > secondary > primary

281
Q

What is the industrial method used to convert alkenes to alcohols?

A

Reaction with steam in the presence of an acid catalyst

282
Q

What is the chemical equation for the hydration of ethene?

A

CH2=CH2 (g) + H2O (g) → CH3CH2OH (l)

283
Q

What are the essential conditions for the hydration reaction of alkenes?

A

High temperature (300 to 600°C), High pressure (70 atm), Catalyst of concentrated H3PO4

284
Q

Define addition polymerisation.

A

The process of forming addition polymers from alkenes.

285
Q

What is the repeating unit in polyethene derived from ethene?

286
Q

What is the process for recycling poly(propene)?

A

Sorting and remoulding the waste

287
Q

What is the industrial significance of hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils?

A

It converts double bonds to saturated single bonds, increasing melting point.

288
Q

How can waste polymers be processed?

A

Separation and recycling, Feedstock for cracking, Combustion for energy production

289
Q

What environmental issue can arise from the combustion of halogenated plastics?

A

Formation of toxic, acidic waste products such as HCl.

290
Q

What types of polymers are being developed to minimize environmental damage?

A

Biodegradable, compostable, soluble, and photodegradable polymers.

291
Q

What are examples of biodegradable polymers?

A

Polymers formed from isoprene, maize, and starch.

Chemistry (6 decks)

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