4.1.1 Basic Concepts Of Core Organic Chemsitry (naming + Representing Formulae) Flashcards
What’s organic chemistry the study of
Compounds contain carbon
What can ‘organic’ compounds only be made by
Living organisms
How are organic compounds all bonded
Covalently (share electrons)
What causes the 3D shape
Electrons repelling
What’s the molecule shape if methane
4 bonds
Tetrahedral
What’s a ‘family’
Homologous series with same functional group (last name)
What carbon bonds do alkanes have
Single c-c
First 10 alkanes
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decade
Formula of methane, ethane, propane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
What are the bond angles at each carbon atom usuallly in an alkane
Why
109.5*
Gives maximum distance that 4 electron pairs from each covalent bond can be apart (repels)
General formula of alkane
CnH2n+2
What do memebers of the alkane family have similar if
Similar chemical properties + physical properties
When do melting + boiling points increase in alkanes
As size and intermolecular forces increase (van der waals)
What’s the general formula for the alkene homologous series
CnH2n
What are alkanes as they contain only single bonds
Saturated
Why are alkenes unSaturated
They contain double bonds that can react with hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction
What are functional groups
An atom/group of atoms that determined the chemical properties of a molecule
First 3 alkenes
Ethene
Butene
Propene
Formula for ethene, butene and propene
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
Empirical formula of Propene (C3H6)
CH2
What type of hydrocarbons are alkanes
Saturated
Another name for a haloalkane
Halogenoalkane
What’s a haloalkane
E.g
Carbon bonded to halogen
E.g chloromethane (CH3Cl)
How do you spot an alcohol
E.g
-OH
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
How do you spot an aldehyde
E.g
-CHO
E.g Ethanal (CH3CHO)
How many carbons does the smallest possible ketone have
3 carbons
How to spot a ketone
E.g
C=O
Propanone
How to spot a carboxylic acid
E.g
COOH
CH3COOH ethanoic acid
How to spot an ester
E.g
COO
Methyl ethanoate
What does the functional group in a part of organic molecule usually do
The reacting + determines reactions
What’s the difference between empirical formula and molecular formula
Empirical formula = simplest ratio of atoms
Molecular formula = actual number of atoms
What’s the difference between displayed formula and structural formula
Displayed formula - shows every atom and bond
Structural formula - shows arrangement of atoms, without showing all bonds (abbreviation)- no linkages , straight line
What’s an alkyl group
A hydrocarbon branch off a main carbon chain
First 4 alkyl groups
1 - methyl
2- ethyl
3 - propyl
4 - butyl
6 iupac rules
Find longest hydrocarbon chain (parent alkane)
Identify functional groups + alkyl groups present
Assign numbers (small as possible and put in front of parent alkane)
Use di,tri,tetra to show how many attached groups there are
Place names alphabetically if more than 1 alkyl group
If carboxylic acid (COOH) or aldehyde(CHO) are present this is carbon 1
5 different types of formulas
Empirical formula Molecular formula Displayed formula Structural formula Skeletal formula
3 examples of skeletal formulas
Acetone
Aspirin
Caffeine
Why do chemists use skeletal formula
As it’s faster and more convenient especially if the molecule is large
5 skeletal formula construction rules
Carbon atoms are never shown
Hydrogen atoms only shown when attached to heteroatoms (O,S,N)
Carbon is represented by point of an angle/endpoint of a line
Bonds between carbon atoms are represented by a line
Number of hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom can be deduced by remembering each carbon atom must have 4 bonds
How many bonds must each carbon atom have
4
