4.1 - Technological Innovations Flashcards
How did cross-cultural interactions spread technology and facilitate changes in trade and travel from 1450-1750?
Answer to yourself
How did Europeans develop the technology used to conquer large parts of the world?
They built off of inventions from the Islamic & Asian worlds, creating innovations and advanced adaptations
What were the causes of Technological Innovation?
- distraction for and from the poor population
- potential wealth and power promised to those involved
- the growth of science and intellect during the Renaissance
How did Europeans distract from the poor and discontent population?
Instead of focusing on the social unrest between different classes, they turned the attention to expansion and exploration
How would innovations and exploration help European states gain power?
Gaining new territories and resources would put certain states above their rivals and help enrich the state overall
How did the Renaissance encourage Europeans to travel and explore?
The tech innovations (specifically navigation tools) proved to be profitable and made travel easy, which further encouraged interested Europeans
What kind of navigation tools were used & where did they originate?
- Compasses (China)
- Astrolabes; clocks and calendars (Greeks invented, Muslims innovated)
- Astronomy (Muslim scholars, inspired by Greeks)
- Lateen sails; triangular & can track wind (Arabs)
- Cartography; making of maps
What are Caravels?
15th century shipbuilding method that allowed for bigger and stronger ships
Popular in Spain and Portugal
What are Carracks?
Developed in the 15th century, large and versitile, helped Europe gain power on the ocean
3-4 masts and a long rounded stern
What are Fluyts?
16th century, aided in commerce/trade, and helped the Dutch gain power on the ocean
One mast and a long narrow hull
What are the effects of innovation?
- Growth of trade & commerce
- Spread of knowledge & ideas
- Growth of state power
- Global migrations of people
What were some trade routes/centers that developed due to innovation?
Trans-Atlantic trade: trade route between Europe & the Americas
Spice trade: markets between Europe & Asia
Port of Libson: trade center/hub in Portugal’s strategic placement
What knowledge was able to spread because of the invention/innovation of the Gutenburg Press?
The Bible was one of the first works printed on the press
Scientific work by people like Copernicus & Galileo
New religious & philosophical ideas, like the Protestant Reformation
What technologies helped grow European state power?
After 1450, Europe became a prominent player in the global scene after being in the background
Firearms: more powerful armies & more conquered territory
Naval technology: growth of navies
What kind of migration was happening and for what purpose?
Enslavement: Africans being brought around the world for the slave trade
Exploration & Trade: Merchants, missionaries, explorers moving along trade routes for opportunities
Voluntary: regular families, religious protesters, and other job seekers also for opportunities
What European explorers made significant impacts?
- Christopher Columbus
- Vasco da Gama
- Hernán Cortés
- James Cook
- Henry Hudson
Who was Christopher Columbus, where did he explore, & what were the positive and negative impacts of his exploration?
Who: Italian explorer sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain to go on four voyages.
Where: Discovered the Americas and parts of the Caribbean (who he thought were the East Indies the Monarchy sought to reach)
Positive: More European exploration (??)
Negative: Brought colonization to those areas, disease, and other atrocities to the Native Americans there
Who was Vasco da Gama, where did he explore, & what were the positive impacts of his exploration?
Who: Portuguese explorer
Where: First European to reach India by sea
Positive: Facilitated trade between Europe & Asia, made possible for Portuguese to establish colonies in East Indies
Who was Hernán Cortés & where did he explore?
Who: Spanish conquistador (conquester)
Where: Conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico
Who was James Cook & where did he explore?
Who: British explorer
Where: Three voyages to Pacific Ocean, Tahiti, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand & made maps of newfound land
Who was Henry Hudson, when & where did he explore, & what were the places named after him?
Who: English Explorer
When: 17th century
Where: the Arctic, North America, Canada, sponsored by the Dutch East India company
