4.1 - intro to genetics Flashcards
genotype
your genes/genetic information
sex vs gender
sex is biological differences related to genitalia and chromosomes while gender is about identity
phenotype
how your genes outwardly express
genetics
studies heredity, variation and how traits are passed through generations
inheritance
in sexually reproducing organisms, the inheritance of traits determines genetic variation among offspring
genetic variation is required for
evolution
DNA facts
Deoxyribonucleic acid
genetic code found in all cells
structure is identical in all plants and animals
double helix
what makes organisms unique (in DNA)
order of nitrogenous bases in DNA
Genes
segments of DNA that control the expression of a trait
genes hold instructions for
protein, which forms cell structure and enzymes
chromosomes facts
coiled DNA
chromosomes passed from parent to offspring
number of chromosomes vary betw organisms
each chromosome carries genetic information for a specific trait
locus
the specific location on a chromosome that a gene occupies
2 types of human cells
somatic and reproductive
somatic cells
body cells
any cell except sperm/egg
contain 46 chromosomes (2 sets of 23)
diploid
reproductive cells
gametes
sperm/egg
contain 23 chromosomes (1 set of 23)
haploid
haploid
a cell containing a single set of chromosomes
diploid
a cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes
polyploid
a cell with more than 2 sets of chromosomes eg. many plants such as strawberries which have 10 chromosome sets
cell division desc
fundamental to living things
single-celled organisms reproduce via cell division and multicellular organisms use cell division for growth (mitosis) and to make gametes (meiosis)
asexual reproduction desc
production of offspring from a single parent cell by division (genetically identical) (mitosis)
examples of asexual reproduction
binary fission
budding
fragmentation
cloning
spores
3 biological advantages to asexual reproduction
parent doesnt need to seek out a mate
parent does not need specialized anatomy
reproduction happens quickly
biological disadvantage to asexual reproduction
lack of genetic diversity + evolution means one is susceptible to the same diseases
sexual reproduction desc
the production of offspring from fusion of two sex cells
genetically different
gametes form via meiosis
3 biological advantages to sexual reproduction
genetic diversity!!
can prevent the elimination of an entire species
as factors change, genetic diversity allows a species to adapt
2 biological disadvantages to sexual reproduction
many organisms need specialized organs
can be costly, mating calls/colours attract mates AND predators
examples of sexual reproduction
fungi hyphae fusion
plants pollen grains and eggs
sperm and egg (internal and external for diff animalia)
