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Small animal medicine final topics > 41. INFECTIOUS CENTRAL NERVOUS DISEASES > Flashcards

41. INFECTIOUS CENTRAL NERVOUS DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

What diseases does infections cause in the brain:

A

meningitis, encephalitis, and meningoencephalitis

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2
Q

infectious pathogens:

A

– Viral
– Bacterial
– Fungal
– Protozoal

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3
Q

in cats:

A
  • FIP, FeLV, toxoplasmosis etc
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4
Q

in dogs:

A
  • distemper, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, cryptococcosis
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5
Q

viral encephalitis route of infections:

A
  • Inhalation
  • Bite
  • Ingestion of infected raw meat
  • Vector
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6
Q

Causes of viral encephalitis:

A
  • Canine distemper (febris catarrhalis)
  • Rabies (lyssa)
  • Pseudorabies (Aujeszky disease)
  • Tick encephalitis
  • Feline Borna disease
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7
Q

Canine distemper is caused by:

A
  • Morbillivirus genus, paramyxovirus

- Remains virulent for several days in dried secretion, spread through urine and nasal secretions.

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8
Q

signs of distemper

A
  • General signs (apathy, fever)
  • Gastrointestinal (diarrhoea),
  • Respiratory (cough, mucopurulent discharge – nose, eyes)
  • Neurologic signs
  • Hyperkeratosis (hard pad – paws, nasal planum)
  • Polysystemic signs: most often in young dogs with inadequate vaccination, less strong immune system
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9
Q

The two types of distemper

A

Neuronal and glial cell death (polioencephalomyelopathy)

  • Mostly young dogs
  • Usually with history of seizures

Demyelination (leukoencephalomyelopathy)

  • Mostly adult dogs
  • Immune mediated
  • Brain stem, cerebellar, vestibular signs
  • Myoclonus!
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10
Q

diagnosis of distemper

A
  • PCR (urine)
  • Conjunctival / bronchial smear
  • inclusion bodies
  • IF teszt
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11
Q

Types of rabies

A

– Urbanic rabies: (from dog-to-dog) very rare in Europe

– Sylvatic rabies: dogs and cats are infected from rabid foxes

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12
Q

Diagnosis of rabies

A

– Justification postmortem
– IF test: reaction of anti viral antibodies conjugated with fluorescent dye with tissue samples
– Real time RT-PCR
– Virus isolation on cell culture

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13
Q

Pathogen of pseudorabies - aujeskys

A
  • Alphaherpesvirus, porcine herpesvirus – 1, PHV-1
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14
Q

Tick encephalitis pathogen:

A

flavivirus

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15
Q

Tick encephalitis vector

A
  • Ixodes ricinus (Europe)
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16
Q

Symptoms of tick encephalitis

A
  • fever, apathy or excitement, convulsions, ataxia, paraplegia, disorders of propriocepcion, aggressiveness, sensational disorders, tremor, nystagmus, mydriasis, anisocoria, strabismus, facial paralysis
17
Q

FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS (FIP) pathogen:

A

coronavirus

18
Q

FIP etiology

A
  • Primarily intracranial and spinal cord structures are affected
  • Typically associated with „dry”, pyogranulomatous FIP (noneffusive form of FIP)
  • Immune complex vasculitis → inflammation of the ependyma, choroid plexus, meninges
19
Q

FIP signs:

A
  1. Motoric disorders, cerebellar ataxia, tremor, hind leg paralysis
  2. Menthal state: stupor/dementia or even aggressivness
  3. Eyes: nystagmus, mydriasis, anisocoria, anterior uveitis, chorioretinitis
20
Q

Bacterial infection of CNS - route

A

– Direct invasion (after trauma of the skull or vertebral column)
– local source of infection (sinusitis, otitis, nasal passage)
– hematogenous (dog: endocarditis)
– Bacterial inflammation in the cns is rare

21
Q

Bacterial infection of CNS - pathogens

A

– staphylococcus, streptococcus, pateurella m. (mostlyincats), escherichia, klebsiella, actinomyces, nocardia, anaerobes: bacteroides, peptostreptococcus

22
Q

Bacterial infection - diagnosis

A

– history, clinical signs, (CT, MRI – abscess, oedema)
– CSF → citology: neutrophil pleiocytosis (toxic and degenerate neutrophils), intracellular bacteria
– CSF → biochemistry: protein, glucose ↑
– CSF → bacterial culture

23
Q

Treatment of bacteria in the cns

A

– AB (ampicillin, enrofloxacin, cefotaxime, metronidazol for anaerobes, 10-14 days after resolution of clinical signs)
– Glucocorticoids in antiinflammatory dose (max. 4 days)

24
Q

LISTERIA MONOCITOGENES

A

bacteria invades through (oral) mucosal lesions → reach the CNS via the nerves → cranial nerve damage → laryngeal paralysis

doxycyline for treatment

25
Q

toxoplasma gondii: host

A
  • Cats are definitive hosts.

- In acute infection (young dog/cat)

26
Q

toxoplasma gondii: symptoms

A
  • Severe in young cats, symptomless in older
  • Systemic signs (lethargy, anorexia, dyspnoe – pneumonia, diarrhea)
  • Classic sign: hyperextended pelvic limbs, chorioretinitis may be present
  • myositis
  • Nervous system: encephalitis, myelitis, peripheral neuropathies
27
Q

shed, Infection, Diagnosis,Therapy of toxoplasma :

A

shed - Oocysts are shed in acute illness for 2-3 weeks.
Infection: - with cyst containing meat, spored oocyst, intrauterin
Diagnosis - antigen: PCR, antibody (IgG, IgM): IF
Therapy - clindamycin

28
Q

NEOSPORA CANINUM - host and infection

A

– Dogs are definitive hosts.
– Dogs can be infected in utero or with infected meat
– Neosporosis is frequently a complication of canine distemper
– Not described in cats

29
Q

NEOSPORA CANINUM - symptoms

A

– nervous system: encephalitis, myelitis, peripheral neuropathies
– chorioretinitis
– pneumonia
– myositis
– in chronic cases, older dogs: aggression, depression, other behavioral changes

30
Q

NEOSPORA CANINUM - diagnosis and therapy

A

– antigen: PCR, antibody: IF
– clindamycin, potentiated sulphonamids
– A puppy with classic signs of pelvic limb hyperextension and rigidity secondary to Neospora caninum infection.

31
Q

Etiology of fungal infection of cns

A

Etiology:
– Inhalation of fungal spores
– local extension from nasal / frontal sinus –
– haematogen spread

32
Q

pathogens of fungal infection of cns

A

Fungal organisms that may invade the CNS: Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides (USA), Cryptococcus (USA), Histoplasma (USA)

33
Q

occurence of fungal infection of cns

A 
–	mainly as part of systemic mycosis
–	Slow progression
–	Fungal elements may be identifiable in urine samples
–	CSF: mixed cell pleocytosis
–	In cats concurrent FeLV / FIV common
34
Q

therapy of fungal infection of cns

A
  • antifungal drugs that cross the blood –brain barrier: fluconazole, flucytosine long term (months- one year)

Small animal medicine final topics (16 decks)

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