4.1: functions of the nucleus & cell Flashcards
cell membrane
separates the inside of a cell from its external environment
cell wall
only plant cells have a cell wall, separates inside of the cell from its external environment.
cytoplasm
jelly like substance, contains organelles and other life supporting materials.
mitochondria
makes protein with cellular respiration, which provides energy for the cell.
chloroplast
traps energy from the sun and makes glucose; chlorophyll is in chloroplast.
ribosomes
small organelles that do not have membranes, some float in cytoplasm or are on the end of the ER. they are like manufacturing plants that make protein.
E.R.
network of membrane covered channels within a cell, is a transport system for materials made in the cell.
vesicles
membrane covered sacs that form off the ends of the ER. transports new proteins to the Golgi body
Golgi body
is a specialized organelle that sorts and packages proteins for transport.
Vacuoles
are membrane covered storage containers within cells
nucleus
controls all the activities within a cell
nucleolus
makes ribosomes in the nucleus
nuclear pores
are openings in the nuclear membrane that allow only certain materials into and out of the nucleus
lysosome
takes care of waste removal within a cell
the levels of organisms are:
cells-tissue-organs-organ systems-body.
3 characteristics of something alive:
they breathe/respiration, respond to stimuli, produce waste, need source of energy, grow, ability to reproduce
structural differences between a plant and animal cell:
1) plant cells have a cell wall and a cell membrane
2) plant cells have organelles called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll, a pigment which allows the plant to absorb light energy from the sun to make food for itself.
3) both plant and animal cells have vacuoles but there is generally one large one in plant cells.
cellular respiration word equation
glucose+oxygen= carbon dioxide+ water
photosynthesis word equation
carbon dioxide+water= glucose+oxygen
DNA
carries the master set of instructions for cell function
describe the arrangement of the DNA ladder
the sides of the DNA are made of sugar and phosphate, the steps of the ladder are made up of four nitrogen bases which are adenine+thymine cytosine=guanine
what is the DNA message
the DNA message is the arrangement of bases in the DNA
chromatin
chromatin is a substance that contains DNA and proteins, most of the time DNA exists in the nucleus in the form of chromatin
chromosome
a threadlike structure in a cell nucleus that carries genes. every organism has a characteristic number of chromosome, chromosomes within the nucleus are found in pairs. most human cells have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
genes
genes are found on chromosomes. genes are small segments of DNA located at specific places on a chromosome, genes store the information needs to produce 90,000-100,000 of the different proteins used in the cells of your body
how does protein determine what body cells will become and how they will function.
each of our bodies has the same number of genetic stored within its 46 chromosomes. however only specific genes are read in each cell to produce specific proteins. by making specific proteins a cell becomes specialized to carry out a particular function. specialized cells come together to form tissue (such as your retinas) and tissues come together to form organs (such as your eyes).
how are proteins produced
- the nucleus receives a chemical signal to produce a specific protein
- the DNA message for a specific protein is copied into an RNA molecule
- RNA leaves through a nuclear pore
- the RNA message is delivered to the ribosome, and the ribosome makes the protein
- the protein enters the ER
- a vesicle carries the protein to the Golgi body
- the Golgi body repackages the protein for transport out of the cell
- a vesicle carries the protein from the Golgi body to the cell membrane
- the vesicle attaches to the cell membrane, and the protein is released out of the cell.
