4.1 definitions Flashcards
Nomenclature
is the naming system for compounds
A homologous series
is a series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with successive members differing by CH2.
An aliphatic hydrocarbon
is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.
An alicyclic hydrocarbon
is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.
Aromatic hydrocarbons
contain at least one benzene ring.
What is the formula, prefix and suffix for an alcohol?
-OH, hydroxy-, -ol
What is the formula, prefix and suffix for an aldehyde?
-CHO (double bonded oxygen ), no prefix. -al
What is the formula, prefix and suffix for an alkane?
C-C, no prefix and -ane
What is the formula, prefix and suffix for an alkene?
C=C, no prefix and -ene
What is the formula, prefix and suffix for a carboxylic acid?
-COOH (double bonded oxygen), no prefix and -oic acid
What is the formula, prefix and suffix for a haloalkane?
- F, Floro-, no suffix
- Cl, chloro-,
- Br, bromo,
- I, ido-,
What is the formula, prefix and suffix for a ketone?
C-CO-C, no prefix and -one
Saturated compound
have only single bonds
A functional group
is a group of atoms that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a chemical.
General formula
is the simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series.
A displayed formula
shows the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them
A structural formula
provides the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Empirical formula
show the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of the elements in a compound.
skeletal formula
is the simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains.
unsaturated organic compunds
contain at least one carbon-carbon double covalent bond.
Hydrocarbons
are compounds that contain only hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms.
Saturated organic compunds
contain only single covalent bonds.
molecular formula
shows the numbers and type of the atoms of each element in a compound.
structual isomers
are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structual formulae.
A functional group
is a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.
stereoisomers
are organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structual formula but having different arrangements of atoms in space.
Cis-trans isomerism
is a type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C bond are the same.
E/Z isomerism
is a type of stereoisomerism caused by the restricted rotation around the double bond- two different groups are attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C double bond.
Reaction mechanisms
are models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction.
Curly arrows
model the flow of electron pairs during reaction mechanisms.
Homolytic fission
happens when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.
Radicals
are species with one or more unpaired electron.
Heterolytic fission
happens when one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair.
Alkanes
are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons
A homologous series
is a family of organic compounds that have the same functional group, but successive members differ by CH2.
A hydrocarbon
is an organic molecule that contains only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms.
complete combustion
is oxidising a fuel in a plentiful supply of air
incomplete combustion
is oxidising a fuel in a limited supply of air.
alkenes
are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated organic compunds
contain at least one multiple C=C bond.
Stereoisomers
have the same structual formula but different arrangements in space.
Cis-trans isomerism
is a type of E/Z isomerism in which two substituent groups attached to each carbon atom in the C=C bond are the same.
An electrophile
is an electron pair acceptor.
A reaction mechanism
is a model that shows the movement of electrons in an organic reaction.
Monomers
are small molecules that are used to make polymers.
Polymers
are macromolecules made from small repeating units.
A repeating unit
is a specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in a structure over and over again.
Biodegradable
materials are affected by the action of microorganisms and environmental conditions, leading to decomposition.
A bioplastic
is a material made from a renewable scource that is biodegradeable.
