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OCR Chemistry > 4.1 BASIC CONCEPTS & HYDROCARBONS > Flashcards

4.1 BASIC CONCEPTS & HYDROCARBONS Flashcards

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1
Q

State what functional groups are responsible for

A
  • the reactions of a compound
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2
Q

Define homologous series

A
  • A series of organic compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties and each successive member differing by CH2
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3
Q

Define homolytic and heterolytic fission

A
  • Homolytic fission is when a covalent bond breaks equally to give each atom an electron and form two radicals
  • Heterolytic fission is when a covalent bond breaks and one atom takes both electrons to form a positive and negative ion
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4
Q

Describe the route of curly arrows

A
  • Movement of a pair of electrons from a lone pair,bond or negative charge to an atom
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5
Q

Define radical

A
  • A highly reactive species with an unpaired electron
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6
Q

Define electrophile

A
  • An electron pair accepting species with postive/δ positive charge, attracted to areas of electron density
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7
Q

Define nucleophile

A
  • An electron pair donating species with negative/δ negative charge, attracted to electron deficient areas
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8
Q

Define structural isomerism

A
  • Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
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9
Q

State the three types of structural isomerism

A
  • functional group isomerism
  • chain isomerism
  • positional isomerism
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10
Q

Define stereoisomerism

A
  • Compounds with the same molecular formula and same structural formula but different arrangementof atoms in space
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11
Q

State the two features required for cis/trans isomerism

A
  • Unsaturated C=C bond
  • Atleast two atom groups to be the same
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12
Q

State the two features required for E/Z isomerism

A
  • Unsaturated C=C bond that has restricted rotation
  • Each carbon atom of the double bond is attached to two different atoms/atom groups
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13
Q

Draw E/Z isomerism

A
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14
Q

Draw cis/trans isomerism

A
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15
Q

State the 4 ways of disposing polymers

A
  • Use as organic feedstock
  • Recycling
  • Combustion
  • Landfill
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16
Q

State the 2 environmental polymers

A
  • photodegradable
  • biodegradable
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17
Q

Explain the shape and bond angle of alkanes

A
  • Tetrahedral
  • 109.5°
  • All four bonding pairs of electron regions repel equally
18
Q

3 properties of alkanes

A
  • Non-polar
  • MP/BP increases with carbon chainlength
  • Insoluble (nonpolar)
19
Q

Draw a sigma bond and state which molecules they are present in.

A
  • Present in both alkanes and alkenes
20
Q

Draw a pi bond and state which molecules they are present in.

A
  • Present in alkene double bond only
21
Q

State why alkanes are unreactive

A
  • High bond enthalpy
  • Low polarity of the σ bonds
22
Q
A
23
Q
A
24
Q

Write the equations for the free radical substitution of ethane with chlorine

A
25
Q

State the 2 limitations of free radical substitution

A
  • Impurities are formed during termination that are not haloalkanes
  • Further substitution may occur
26
Q

Explain the affect of branching on MP/BP for hydrocarbons

A
  • Boiling point increases with less branching of side groups
  • Less branching gives more surface contact between molecules
  • More surface contact gives stronger london forces which require more energy to break
27
Q

Write the equation for the complete and incomplete combustion for alkanes (C3H8)

A
28
Q

State the issue with carbon monoxide

A
  • toxic and odourless gas that irreversible binds to haemoglobin
29
Q

Explain why alkenes are more reactive than alkanes

A
  • the bond enthalpy of the π bond is less than the bond enthaply for the σ bond
30
Q

Draw sigma and pi bonds in alkenes

A
31
Q

Explain the shape and bond angle of alkenes

A

-Trigonal planar
- 120°
- All three bonding pairs of electron regions repel equally

32
Q

Explain why alkenes are reactive

A
  • They have relatively low bond enthalpy of the π bond compared to sigma bond
  • The π bond is broken first
33
Q

State all the addition reactions of alkenes and their conditions

A
34
Q

Write out the hydrogenation of alkenes (ethene)

A
35
Q

Write out the halogenation of alkenes (ethene) with mechanism

A
36
Q

Write out the hydration of alkenes (ethene)

A
37
Q

Write out the addition of hydrogen halide of alkenes (ethene) with mechanism

A
38
Q

Explain how the major product of addition reactions is determined

A
  • the hydrogen atom of the H-X attaches to the carbon with the most hydrogens on it already
  • because carbocations with more hydrogen atoms on are more stable
39
Q

State the benefit of environmental polymers

A
  • Reduces the need for finite resources
40
Q

State a danger of combustion of polymers

A
  • Releases toxic HCl fumes

OCR Chemistry (13 decks)

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