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A-level Chemistry > 4.1 - Basic concepts > Flashcards

4.1 - Basic concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an organic compound ?

A

A compound that contains carbon atoms

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2
Q

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’ ?

A

Hydrocarbon - A compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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3
Q

What are the two types of hydrocarbons ?

A
  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
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4
Q

What are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons ?

A
  • Saturated hydrocarbons contain single bonds only
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds ( double/ triple )
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5
Q

Define the term ‘homologous series’ ?

A

Homologous series - A family of organic compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive member differ by the addition of a -CH2- group

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6
Q

Define the term ‘functional group’ ?

A

Functional group - The part of the organic molecule which determines it’s chemical properties

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7
Q

What can hydrocarbons be classified as ?

A
  • Aliphatic
  • Alicyclic
  • Aromatic
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8
Q

What does the term ‘aliphatic’ mean ?

A

Aliphatic : Carbon atoms are joined in unbranched, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

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9
Q

What does the term ‘alicyclic’ mean ?

A

Alicyclic : Carbon atoms are joined in ring/ cyclic structures ( with or without branches )

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10
Q

What does the term ‘aromatic’ mean ?

A

Aromatic : Some or all carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

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11
Q

What are the three homologues series of aliphatic hydrocarbons ?

A
  • Alkanes ( contains single C-C bonds only )
  • Alkenes ( contains at least 1 C-C double bond )
  • Alkynes ( Contains at least 1 C-C triple bond )
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12
Q

What are the steps in naming alkanes ?

A
  • Identify the longest continuous chain
  • Number the carbons on the longest chain from the end closest to the first branch
  • List the branches in alphabetical order
  • Prefix each branch name with the number of the carbon which its attached to
  • If multiple branches of the same type, denote how many branches of this type there are ( using di- tri- , etc… )
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13
Q

What are the steps in naming alicyclic alkanes ?

A
  • The process is the same as for alkanes
  • The prefix ‘cyclo-‘ is placed in front of the set to show carbons are arranged in a ring structure
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14
Q

Do you know how to name alkanes ?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are the steps in naming alkenes ?

A
  • The process is similar as for alkanes
  • Number the carbons on the longest chain from the end closer to the first double bond
  • If multiple double bonds, denote the number using -diene, -triene
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16
Q

Do you know how to name alkenes ?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What are the steps in naming compound containing functional groups ?

A
  • Identify the longest unbranched chain of carbon atoms
  • Number the carbon atoms from the end containing ( OH > C=C > Halogen )
  • Identify any functional groups and branches, selecting appropriate prefixes and suffixes for them
  • List them in alphabetical order
  • Number any groups to indicate their position
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18
Q

Do you know hot name compounds containing functional groups ?

A

Yes

19
Q

What are the stems based off the number of carbons in the longest chain ?

A
  • One carbon = meth-
  • Two carbons = eth-
  • Three carbons = prop-
  • Four carbons = but-
  • Five carbons = pent-
  • Six carbons = hex-
  • Seven carbons = hept-
  • Eight carbons = oct-
  • Nine carbons = non-
  • Ten carbons = dec-
20
Q

What are the prefixes used to denote the number of branches/ functional groups ?

A
  • Two = di-
  • Three = tri-
  • Four = tetra-
  • Five = penta-
  • Six = hexa-
21
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix of alkenes ?

A
22
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix of alcohols ?

A
23
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix of haloalkanes ?

A
24
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix of aldehydes ?

A
25
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix of ketones ?

A
26
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix of carboxylic acid ?

A
27
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix of nitriles ?

A
28
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix of amines ?

A
29
Q

What are the different types of formulae ?

A
  • Molecular formula
  • Empirical formula
  • General formula
  • Structural formula
  • Displayed formula
  • Skeletal formula
30
Q

What does the molecular formula show ?

A

The actual number and type of atoms of each element in a compound

31
Q

What does the empirical formula show ?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound

32
Q

What does the general formula show ?

A

The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series

33
Q

What does the displayed formula show ?

A

The relative positioning of all atoms in a compound and bonds between them

34
Q

What does the structural formula show ?

A

The arrangement of the atoms in a molecule using minimal detail

35
Q

What does the skeletal formula show ?

A

A simplified organic formula with all carbon and hydrogen labels removed from carbon chain and any bonds to hydrogen atoms removed

36
Q

Define the term ‘structural isomers’ ?

A

Structural isomers - Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

37
Q

Define the term ‘stereoisomers’ ?

A

Stereoisomers - Molecules with the same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms

38
Q

What are the three different types of structural isomers ?

A
  • Chain isomers
  • Position isomers
  • Functional group isomers
39
Q

What are chain isomers ?

A

Isomers were the carbon chain is different

40
Q

What are position isomers ?

A

Isomers were the functional groups can be in different positions on the carbon chain

41
Q

What are functional group isomers ?

A

Isomers were some compounds with the same molecular formula contain different functional groups

42
Q

What are the various groups with the same general formula for functional group isomers ?

A
  • Aldehydes and ketones
  • Carboxylic acid and esters
  • Alkene and cycloalkanes
43
Q

Define the term ‘electrophile’ ?

A

Electrophile - An electron pair acceptor

44
Q

Define the term ‘nucleophile’ ?

A

Nucleophile - an electron pair donor

A-level Chemistry (29 decks)

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