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Chemistry As OCR > 4.1 > Flashcards

4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

hydrocarbon

A

compound made of only hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

general formula

A

simplest algebraic formula e.g. C(n)H(2n+2)

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3
Q

displayed formula

A

shows all bonds in compound

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4
Q

skeletal formula

A

shows the carton changes as a line and doesn’t show the hydrogens e.g.. /\/\/\/

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5
Q

structural formula

A

shows the structure split in to each carbon and the groups off it e.g. ch3ch2ch2ch3- butane if there is a group/atom off a carbon it is shown in brackets after the ch part

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6
Q

alkenes

A

have a c=c double bond general formula CnH2n- unsaturated

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7
Q

alkanes

A

only single bonds between carbons general formula CnH2n+2 - saturated

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8
Q

Homologous series

A

a series of organic compounds that have the same functional group and each member differs from the next by CH2.

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9
Q

characteristics of a homologous series

A

all share the same functional group, same functional groups, similar chemical properties, show a gradual change in physical properties as molar mass increases, can usually be prepared by similar methods

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10
Q

prefixes by number of carbons

A

1-meth, 2-eth, 3-prop, 4-but, 5-pent, 6-hex, 7-hept, 8-oct, 9-non, 10-dec

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11
Q

alkane suffix

A

-ane

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12
Q

branch suffix

A

-yl

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13
Q

cycloalkanes prefix+suffix

A

cycle-ane

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14
Q

alchohol suffix

A

-ol

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15
Q

aldehydes suffix

A

-al

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16
Q

keytones suffix

A

-one

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17
Q

carboxylic acids suffix

A

-oic acid

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18
Q

esters suffix

A

alkyl -oate

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19
Q

rules for naming compounds

A

1) count carbons in longest chain
2) number carbons so that carbon 1 is closest to the functional group
3) any side chain or functional group numbered and given prefix

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20
Q

functional group of alkenes

A

c=c

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21
Q

haloalkanes functional group

A

-x where x=F,Cl,Br,I

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22
Q

aldehyde functional group

A

-CHO

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23
Q

alkane functional group

A

c-c

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24
Q

keytone functional group

A

C-CO-C

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25
carboxylic acid functional group
COOH
26
alcohol functional group
-OH
27
aromatic compounds
contain at least one benzene ring
28
aliphatic compounds
dont contain a benzene ring - carbon atoms joined together as straight of branched chains
29
alicyclic compounds
subgroup of aliphatic compounds where carbon atoms are joined in a ring structure
30
structural isomer
they have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
31
boiling point of alkanes
as chain length increases so does the boiling points but the boiling point increases by less each time
32
branching and boiling point
branches reduces boiling point because there is less surface contact between chains => reduced dipole-dipole interactions
33
heterolytic bond fission
breaking a covalent bond forming oppositely changed ions
34
homolytic bond fission
breaking a covalent bond forming two radicals
35
radical
species with an unpaired electron -very reactive
36
sigma bond
a single covalent bond -> electron orbitals overlap between atoms
37
pi bond
second bond in a double covalent bond - the electrons could be in two places it is weaker than the sigma bond
38
free radical substitution
type of reaction involving a chain reaction in which a covalent bond is broken forming radicals that go one to make more radicals and taking the place of other atoms in the species
39
problems with free radical substitution
cant control the reaction, free radicals are very reactive, if there is enough chlorine further substitution could eventually be replaced
40
electrophile
an electron pain acceptor
41
addition reaction
something is added to a species only one product formed
42
hydrogenation
addition reaction, nickel catalyst, alkene product, C2H4 + H2 -> C2H6
43
direct hydration
C2H4+H2O (gas) -> C2H5OH needs high pressure (6Mpa) and phosphoric acid catalyst
44
curly arrow mechanism
curly arrow shows a pair of electrons that will either come from bonds or a species
45
steps of free radical substitutions
intiation, propagatioon, termination
46
markownikoffs rule
when two products are formed one is formed in a larger quantity. The major product is formed via the most stable carbocation. the carbon in the c=c bond attached to the most carbons is most stable
47
stereoisomers
compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement is space
48
why are stereoisomers not found in alkanes
only found in alkenes because the c-c bond can rotate but c=c bonds cant
49
when can you have stereoisomers
only when both carbons in ate c=c bond have 2 different atoms or groups attached to the carbon
50
z isomers
higher priority groups/atoms are on the same side of the c=c bond i.e. both above or below
51
e isomers
higher priority groups/atoms are on the opposite sides of the c=c bond i.e. one above or one below
52
to determine priority of the groups in an isomer
higher mr = higher priority
53
addition polymerisation
an alkene undergoes a addition reaction with itself, all atoms in the original alkene are used to from the polymer , long hydrocarbon chain formed
54
Landfill disposal
Large holes are dug and lined to stop any contaminants seeping into water table. •Rubbish is then added and compacted •When full the site is covered over with soil and landscaped •This creates anaerobic conditions with limited water •Decomposition is slowed for biodegradable waste •Many plastics are non-biodegradable so do not break down and can be a danger to wildlife
55
Recycling
* Plastics are sorted into different types * This is expensive as it requires lots of workers or high technology to automate the process * Plastics are cleaned, melted down and reshaped * Limited market as companies concerned about quality and contamination * About 7% recycled currently
56
Combustion for energy
Plastics are mainly organic and can be burned to produce electricity •They contain a large number of carbons which releases carbon dioxide during combustion •This is a greenhouse gas and is linked to global warming and climate change •Depending on the plastic other toxic chemicals like HCl (from PVC) can be made •These gases can be removed by using gas scrubbers •This contains a base Calcium oxide that neutralises the acidic gas
57
Organic feedstock disposal method
After waste plastics have been sorted into different types then a series of chemical reactions can be used to break the plastic polymers up into smaller more useful chemicals •These more useful chemicals can be used for other industrial reactions
58
Biodegradable polymers
To have a biodegradable plastic it must be able to be broken down by environmental conditions or microorganism •Sometime a biodegradable polymer like plant starch is mixed with an addition polymer •This means over time the polymer can be broken down making the polymer chain smaller and the material biodegradable •However there is concerns over the small pieces of addition polymers may still cause hazards to the ecosystem
59
Photodegradable plastics
Photodegradable plastics break down chemically using energy with wavelengths similar to light •Addition polymers can have bonds (ester bonds) within the structure that are weakened by absorption of light •Addition polymers can have additives that are affected by light which then weakens the polymer. •Once exposed to light the polymer starts to breakdown in an irreversible process. •However photodegradable plastics in landfill may not be exposed to sufficient light to degrade
60
Bioplastics
If only biodegradable plastic is used then it is a bioplastic •Plant starch can be used to make bin bags •If the starch is derived from sustainable farming methods then the material could be classified as ‘carbon neutral
61
Compostable plastics
To be fully compostable a plastic must decompose landfill material as quickly as compost would form from grass clippings and other green waste •The only products should be carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass •Polylactic acid is an example of this and is used in disposable utensils and drinking cups

Chemistry As OCR (6 decks)

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