2.2

Question 1

orbital

Answer 1

region of space where an electron is likely to be found. it can hold 2 electron providing that they are of opposite spin

Question 2

shape and number of s orbitals

Answer 2

spherical, 1 in every level

Question 3

shape and number of p orbitals

Answer 3

dumbbell, 3 in levels 2 and up

Question 4

number of d orbitals

Answer 4

5 in levels 3 and up

Question 5

number of f orbital

Answer 5

7 in levels 4 and up

Question 6

Aufbau principle

Answer 6

Electrons enter the lowest possible energy level

Question 7

Rauls exclusion principle

Answer 7

2 electrons can go in each orbital provided they are of opposite spin

Question 8

Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity

Answer 8

When in orbitals of equal energy electrons will try and remain unpaired

Question 9

Types of intermolecular forces/ physical forces

Answer 9

Induced dipole- dipole interaction
Permanent dipole - dipole interaction
Hydrogen bonds

Question 10

Ionic compounds

Answer 10

Formed between metals and non metals
Electrons are transferred
Giant ionic lattice , very brittle -> dislocation of layers leads to repulsion between similar ions, conduct electricity in solution or molten, soluble in polar solvents vv high melting point

Question 11

Covalent bond

Answer 11

Shared pair of electrons with one electron being supplied by each atom on either side of the bond

Question 12

Dative covalent bond

Answer 12

Shared pair of electrons where both electrons are donated by one atom

Question 13

Why are covalent bonds strong

Answer 13

Electrostatic forces between the shared electrons and the positive nuclei

Question 14

Properties of simple covalent molecules

Answer 14

Don’t conduct electricity
Low meting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces between molecules soluble in organic solvents but not in water

Question 15

Lone pair

Answer 15

Pair of non bonded electrons

Question 16

properties of giant covalent molecules

Answer 16

Don’t conduct electricity, very high melting and boiling points due to strong covalent bonds, in graphite delocalised electrons conduct electrons

Question 17

why do molecules form certain shapes

Answer 17

the shaped adopted by a simple ion or molecule it that which keeps the repulsive forces to a minimum

Question 18

shape and bond angles of a molecule with 2 bonded pairs

Answer 18

180 degrees, linear

Question 19

shape and bond angles of a molecule with 3 bonded pairs

Answer 19

120 degrees, trigonal planar

Question 20

shape and bond angles of a molecule with 4 bonded pairs

Answer 20

109.5, tetarhedral

Question 21

shape and bond angles of a molecule with 5 bonded pairs

Answer 21

120 and 90 trigonal bi-pyramidal

Question 22

shape and bond angles of a molecule with 6 boned pairs

Answer 22

90 octahedral

Question 23

by how much does a lone pair reduce a bond angle

Answer 23

2.5 degrees

Question 24

electronegativity

Answer 24

the ability of an atom to attract the pair or electrons in a covalent bond to itself

Question 25

physical forces

Answer 25

the forces between different molecules within a substance (inter-molecular forces)

Question 26

induced dipole dipole interaction explanation

Answer 26

at any point in time it is possible that the electrons in a molecule are on one side, an instantaneous dipole is produced inducing a weak dipole in nearby molecules creating weak forces between them

Question 27

hydrogen boding

Answer 27

strongest type of intermolecular force. water is very polar-> very strong dipole dipole attraction called a hydrogen bond. h2o can from 2 hydrogen bonds

Question 28

unusual properties of water

Answer 28

higher melting and boiling point than expected, ice is less dense than water so it floats, high surface tension and viscosity

Question 29

why is ice less dense than water

Answer 29

when ice forms molecules form an open lattice keeping the molecules farther apart than when they are liquid

Question 30

why does water have a higher melting/boiling point than expected

Answer 30

the very strong hydrogen bonds between the H2O molecules are much stronger than normal intermolecular forces.

Question 31

why does water have a high surface tension and viscosity

Answer 31

the hydrogen bonds are stronger than normal intermolecular forces

Question 32

permanent dipole dipole interaction

Answer 32

polar molecules are held together by dipole dipole interactions that occur between the oppositely charged dipoles

Question 33

2 elements with different electron configuration

Answer 33

Chromium and copper, 4s fills before 3d because it's more stable