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Bio 11 > 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 > Flashcards

4.1, 4.2, 4.3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division.

process by which single cells are reproduced and through mulicellular organisms grow

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2
Q

Daughter cells

A

arise from parent cell and have identical DNA and genetic information as parent cell

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3
Q

genetics

A

study of heredity and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is passed down from one generation to another.

certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence.

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4
Q

somatic cell

A

animal or plant cell that form the body of the organism; excluding reproductive cells

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells (which are called germ cells)

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5
Q

interphase

A

G1: rapid growth and cell activity isthe longest part of interphase

S phase: DNA synthesis and replication, prepares for mitosis

G2: cell prepares for division

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6
Q

Mitosis and cytokinesis

A

prophase: chromatin condences and becomes chromosomes and connect as pairs with centromere. chromosomes become visible

metaphase: sister chromatids line up at the equator of the cell

anaphase: sister chromatids get pulled at the centromere by spindle fibers created by centrioles to opposite poles of the cell

telophase: chromosomes unwind into less-visible chromatin, cellular membrane (cell plate for plants and furrow for animals)

cytokinesis: daughter cells form

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7
Q

chromosome

A

a structure in the nucleus that contains DNA

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8
Q

sister chromatid

A

one of the two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at the centromere

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9
Q

centromere

A

the region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome

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10
Q

spindle fibre

A

a microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell

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11
Q

centrosome

A

helps form the spindle fibres

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12
Q

genome

A

the complete DNA sequence/section of an organism

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13
Q

sex chromosome

A

an X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex/gender of an organism

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14
Q

autosome

A

(another word for somatic cell)
chromosome that is not involved in determining the sex/gender of an organism

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15
Q

homologous chromosome

A

chromosome that contains the same sequene of genes as another chromosome

pair 1 of your sister chromatids are homologous chromosomes to pair 2 of your sister chromosomes

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16
Q

gene

A

a part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a triat and is passed on to offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence

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17
Q

allele

A

a differen form of the same gene

gene for blue eyes is an allele for gene for brown eyes [both for eye colour but different colours]

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18
Q

karyotype

A

a photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell

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19
Q

conditions concerning autosomes

A

trisomy 21-down syndrome (flattened face, intellectual disablilities)

trisomy 18- Edward syndrom (intellectual and physical abilities, extreme muscle tone, early death)

trisomy 13- Patau syndrome (intellectual and physical disablilities, defects in organs, early death)

20
Q

conditions concerning sex chromosomes

A

XXY- Klinefelter (cant produce sperm, breast swelling)-males only

XYY- Jacobs (some individuals may be taller than average)-males only

XXX- Triple X (tall, thin, menstrual irregularity)-only females

XO- Turner (short, webbed-neck, cant produce eggs)

21
Q

errors in chromosome structure in meiosis during crossing-over (DUe to chromosome not reforming properly or non-homologous pairs crossing-over)

A

deletion (part deleted during crossing-over
cri du chat

duplication (part duplicated)
Charcot-Marie-tooth disease

inversion (part inverted/turned upsidedown)
FG syndrome

translocation (segment attached to a different chromosome)
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

22
Q

asexual reproduction

A

reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring

23
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring

24
Q

gamete

A

a male or female reproductive cell-sperm and egg

25
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg (created by fusion of two gametes)

26
Q
A
27
Q

fertilization

A

in humans, the joining of male and female haploid gametes

27
Q

haploid

A

half of diploid (half # of chromosomes as a parent cell)

28
Q

diploid

A

full # of chromosomes in/as a parent cell

29
Q

meiosis

A

the cellular process that produces haploid gametes

30
Q

synapsis

A

aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 in meiosis

homologous chromosome pairs bout to cross-over )()( like in position to do crossing-over

31
Q

prophase 1 (in meiosis)

A

chromosomes condence, pair up by centromere, get in position to cross-over genetic material in process called synapsis, crossing-over happens

32
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the process of producing male gametes (sperm) in mammals

33
Q

sperm formation

A

2n - 4n (primary spermalcycle) - 2n + 2n (secondary spermalcycle) - b + b + b + b (spermatids) - n + n + n + n (sperm)

34
Q

egg formation

A

2n (oogenium) - 4n - 2n + 2n (first polar body is the second 2n which desintergrates) - n + n (second n is second polar body) - B (egg)

35
Q

oogenesis

A

process of producing females gametes (eggs) in mammals

36
Q

crossing-over

A

exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes

37
Q
A
38
Q

monosomy and trisomy

A

the gain of an extra chromosome (trisomy)
the loss of a c hromosome (monosomy)
both caused by non-disjunction

39
Q

prenatal testing

A

blood tests and ultra sound-

amniocentesis and CVS

40
Q

embryo transfer

A

the process by which an egg that has been fertilized is transferred into a recipiant female’s uterus.

41
Q

selective breeding

A

process of breeding plants and animals with desirable triats

42
Q

artificial insemination

A

sperm are collected and c concentrated before being induced into the female’s reproductive system

43
Q

vitro fertilization

A

technique used to fertilize egg cells outside
the female’s body

44
Q

cloning

A
45
Q

recombinant DNA

A

a molecule that includes genetic material from different sources

46
Q

gene cloning

A

multiple copies of a gene ir segment of DNA

Bio 11 (5 decks)

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