40X Flashcards
What are the 2 regoins of the skull?
1) Neurocranium
2) Facial Skeleton
What bones does the Neurocranium consist of?
Frontal Parietal x2 Temporal x2 occipital sphenoid ethmoid
What comprises the Cranial Vault?
Calvaria (Skullcap)- domelike roof, frontal, occipital, & parietal bones
Basicranium (cranial base) floor of cranium, occipital, sphenoid, temporal, vomer, palatine, portion of maxillae
Which bone forms forehead, roof of orbits &; anterior cranial floor?
Frontal bone
Which bone forms the sides and roof of cranium?
parietal bones
Name all the parts of the temporal bone?
temporal squama zygomatic process external auditory meatus mastoid process styloid process stylomastoid foramen mandibular fossa petrous portion carotid foramen jugular foramen
what passes through the stylomastoid foramen?
CN VII
What passes through the petrous portion?
CN VIII
name the different sections of the occipital bone?
Foaramen magnum
occipital condyles
external occipital protuberance attachment for ligamentum nuchae
superior/inferior nuchal lines
Which cranial bone is in the middle part of the base of skull & know as “Keystone” b/c it articulates w/all other cranial bones?
sphenoid bone
What are the attachment sites for the jaw muscles known as on the sphenoid bone?
Pterygoid processes
What do the greater wings of the sphenoid bone form in the cranium?
anterolateral floor of the cranium & lateral part of skull
What do the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone form?
posterior part of orbit of eye & part of cranium floor
What is the passage way for the oculomotor, trochlear, abducens &; ophthalmic nerves (CN III, IV, VI, & V1)
Superior orbital fissue
What does Maxillary Branch of trigeminal (CN V2) pass through on the Sphenoid bone
Forame rotundum
What transmits the mandibular nerve (CN V3) through the sphenoid bone?
Foramen ovale
What comprises the Sella Turcica?
Ant ridge= tuberculum sellae
Cent. Depression= hypophyseal fossa
Post Ridge= dorsum sellae
what does the Sella turcica hold?
pituitary gland
Which bone forms part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, the medial wall of the orbits, the superior portion of the nasal septum, and most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity. It is a major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid bone
Where are the ethmoid sinuses?
in lateral masses
what forms the upper portion of nasal septum?
perpendicular plate
What forms the turbinates?
Superior and middle conchae
What does the superior/ middle conchae do?
Superior: participates in smell (olfactory receptors
increase vascular surface area warming air
cause inhaled air to swirl & impact mucus filter air
What bones make up the facial skeleton?
Lacrimal x2 nasal x2 maxillae x2 zygomatic x2 palatine x 2 inferior nasal conchae x 2 mandible vomer
what forms the skeleton of upper jaw &; fixed to cranial base?
maxillae
what forms lower jaw & articulates w/ cranial base &; is moveable
mandible
What processes hold teeth in upper &; lower jaw?
Alveolar process
What bone forms cheekbones &; is lateral wall of orbit along with sphnoid
Zygomatic
This bone is part of the medial wall of orbit & what does it house?
Lacrimal bone; Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac
This bone is “L” shaped with part of it forming hard palate?
Palatine
This is the posterior portion of the nasal septum?
Vomer
What forms the Nasal septum?
Vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, & septal cartilage
Which bones form the orbits?
Maxillary lacrimal
Frontal sphenoid
Zygomatic palantine
Ethmoid
What are the 5 important foramen that are associated with the orbit?
Optic foramen Supraorbital foramen
Superior orbital fissure lacrimal fossa
Inferior orbital fissure
What is the location and what structures passing through the magnum foramen?
Occipital bone: medulla oblongata & its membranes, CN XI, & vertebral/ spinal arteries
What is the location and what structures passing through the mandibular foramen?
Medial surface of ramus of mandible; Inferior alveolar nerve & blood vessels
What is the location and what structures passing through the mental foramen?
INFERIOR TO 2ND PREMOLAR TOOTH IN MANDIBLE; mental nerve and vessels
What is the location and what structures passing through the olfactory foramen?
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone; CN I (olfactory)
What is the location and what structures passing through the optic foramen?
What is the location and what structures passing through the optic foramen?
What is the location and what structures passing through the foramen ovale?
Greater wing of sphenoid bone; mandibular branch of CN V (trigeminal)
What is the location and what structures passing through the foramen rotundum?
Junc. Of anterior & medial parts of sphenoid; maxillary branch of CN V (trigeminal)
What is the location and what structures passing through the Stylomastoid foramen?
Between styloid & mastoid process of temporal bone; CN VII (Facial) & stylomastoid artery
What are sutures and where are they found?
Immovable joints found only between skull bones
What are the sutures of primary importance?
Coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, & squamous
What suture unite the parietal and occipital bones?
Lambdoid
What suture unites the 2 parietal bones?
Sagittal
What suture unites the frontal & both parietal bones?
Coronal
What suture unites the parietal & temporal bones?
Squamous
What are the 2 major functions of fontanels?
Enable fetal skull to modify size & shape as it passes through birth canal
Permit rapid growth of brain during infancy
What are cavities in bones of skull that communicate w/nasal cavity?
Paranasal Sinuses
What are the purposes of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten skull, & resonating chambers for speech
Which cranial bones contain sinuses?
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, & maxillae
What muscles move the mandible?
Masseter, temporalis, & pterygoids
Muscles that move the mandible are innervated by which nerve?
CN V (Trigeminal), mandibular division (V3)
Which muscles elevate the mandible?
Temporalis & Masseter
Which muscle retracts the mandible?
Temporalis
Which is the only muscle that protracts & depresses the mandible (opens jaw)?
Lateral pterygoid
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus
palatoglossus
Styloglossus
hyoglossus
Which muscle of the tongue relaxes during anesthesia allowing the tongue to fall back blocking the airway, requiring intubation?
Genioglossus
The muscles that produce facial expression are all innervated by which nerve?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
What is Bell’s palsy & what is its cause?
Facial paralysis; idiopathic
What are the branches of the Facial nerve (CN VII)?
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal Mandibular Carvical
Where does the terminal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) arise from?
Parotid plexus w/in parotid gland
Which muscle closes the eye?
Orbicularis oculi
Which muscle puckers the mouth?
Orbicularis oris
This muscle assists in whistling, blowing, sucking, & chewing?
Buccinator, muscular portion of cheeks
This muscle opens the eye, but is NOT a muscle of facial expression?
Lavator palpebrae superioris
What is the action / innervation of occipitofrontalis?
A: Elevates eyebrows & wrinkles skin of forehead horizontally as in look of surprise
I: Temporal branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of Orbicularis oris?
A: closes & protrudes lips; against teeth; shapes during speech
I: Buccal branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / Innervation of Zygomaticus Major / minor?
A: Maj- draws angle of mouth superiorly & laterally (like smiling)
Min- Raises (elevates) upper lip, exposing Maxillary teeth
I: Zygomatic & buccal branches of facial nerve (CV VII)
What is the action / innervation of Levator labii superioris?
A: raise upper lip
I: zygomatic branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of Depressor labii inferioris?
A: depresses lower lip
I: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of depressor anguli oris?
A: draws angle of mouth laterally & inferiorly
I: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of Buccinator?
A: presses checks against teeth / lips; assists in mastication by keeping food between teeth
I: buccal branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of orbicularis oris?
A: closes & protrudes lips; compresses lips against teeth & shapes lips during speech
I: buccal branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of Risorius?
A: draws angle of mouth laterally (grimacing)
I: buccal branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of Mentalis?
A: elevate & protrudes lower lips & pulls up skin of chin (pouting)
I: marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of Platysma?
A: draws outer part of lower lip inferiorly & posteriorly depresses mandible
I: cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of orbicularis oculi?
A: closes & squints eye, depresses upper eyelid & elevate lower eyelid
I: temporal & zygomatic branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the action / innervation of corrugator supercilia?
A: draws eyebrow inferiorly & medially, wrinkles skin of forehead vertically
I: temporal branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the V1 branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) known as ad what does it cutaneous stimulation?
Ophthalmic; superior portion of head, forehead, & bridge of nose
What is the V2 branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) known as ad what does it cutaneous stimulation?
Maxillary; aspect lateral to eyes, medial portion of cheeks, upper lip, base of nose
What is the V3 branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) known as ad what does it cutaneous stimulation?
Mandibular; lateral portion of cheek, chin, lower lip
What are the layers of the Scalp?
S: skin
C: (Sub-q) Connective tissue
A: Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis)
L: Loose Connective Tissue (“Danger Space”, loose areolar CT)
P: Pericranium
Which units of the scalp are intimately connected and move as a unit?
1st 3 layers
This layer of the scalp is termed the “Danger Space” and why?
4th layer (loose CT); b/c pus, blood, or infection that can spread easily in it and it acts as a sponge b/c of many potential spaces that may distend w/fluid resulting form injury / infection and possibly pass into cranial cavity through emissary veins
Which bone is a unique component of the axial skeleton in that it doesn’t articulate w/ other bones?
Hyoid
What does the hyoid bone consist of?
Horizontal body, paired proections (lesser & greater horns),
u-shaped
What does the hyoid bone do?
Supports tongue & provides attachment for tongue, neck & pharyngeal muscles
Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle originate / insert / innervated by?
O: sternum & clavicle
I: Mastoid process of temporal bone
Inner: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle when both contract?
Flex cervical vertebrae (chin to manubrium) & extend head (chin forward, keeping head level)
What is the action when only one sternocleidomastoid contracts?
Laterally flexes neck & rotates face in opposite direction
What innervates the Sternocleidomastoid & trapezius?
CN XI Accessory Nerve
What vessel and nerve are superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?
External jugular vein & great auricular nerve
Where is the suboccipital region located?
Triangular area inferior to occipital region of head
What are the 4 small muscle of the suboccipital region?
Rectus capitis posterior (Major & minor) & Obliquus capitis (inferior & Superior)
What do the muscles of the suboccipital mainly cause?
Flexion, extension, lateral bending, &/or rotation @ atlanto-occipital & atlanto-axial joints
What are the 2 groups of muscles of the anterior neck?
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscle
What action do both groups of anterior neck muscles have on the hyoid bone?
Stabilize bone, allowing to serve as firm base on which tongue can move
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
What do the suprahyoid bone do as a group?
Elevate hyoid bone, floor of oral cavity & tongue during swallowing
What are the infrahyoid muscles?
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Infrahyoid muscles mainly do what & are known as what?
Depress hyoid & some move larynx during swallowing & speech; known as “strap” due to ribbon like appearance
Where do the scalene muscle groups connect?
Cervical vertebrae & uppermost ribs
What do the scalene muscles do?
Flex, laterally flex & rotate the head
Participate in forced inspiration
What are the scalene muscles innervated by?
Cervical spinal nerves (C-3-C-8)
What are the muscles of inhalation (inspiration)?
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
External intercostals
Diaphragm
What are the muscles of exhalation?
Intercostal muscles
External/Internal oblique
Transvers abdominals
Rectus abdominis
Where do the extrinsic muscles of the eye insert?
Sclera of eye
What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye?
Superior rectus Medial rectus Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique
Which extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by CN III (oculomotor)?
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
What extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by CN IV (Trochlear)?
Superior oblique
What extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by CN VI (abducens)?
Lateral rectus
