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Medical Nutrition Therapy > 406- Medical Terminology > Flashcards

406- Medical Terminology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

therm

A

heat

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2
Q

myo

A

muscle

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3
Q

card

A

heart
(cardiovascular)

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4
Q

itis

A

inflammation
(arthritis, tonsillitis, appendicitis)

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5
Q

peri

A

outer

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6
Q

endo

A

inner

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7
Q

myocarditis

A

muscle layer of heart inflamed

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8
Q

pericarditis

A

outer layer of heart inflamed

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9
Q

endocarditis

A

inner layer of heart inflamed

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10
Q

cardiologist

A

a physician specializing in the heart

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11
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

damage to heart muscle layer

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12
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

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13
Q

osis

A

abnormal condition
cyanosis (of blueness, due to cold or low oxygen)

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14
Q

ectomy

A

to cut out (remove)
appendectomy, tonsillectomy

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15
Q

otomy

A

to cut into
tracheotomy (to cut into the windpipe,
temporary opening)

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16
Q

ostomy

A

to make a
“mouth”
colostomy (to make a permanent opening in colon)

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17
Q

a/an

A

without/none
anemia

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18
Q

micro

A

small
microstomia

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19
Q

macro

A

large
macrostomia (abnormally large mouth)

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20
Q

mega/megaly

A

enlarged
megacolon (abnormally large colon)

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21
Q

scopy/scopic

A

to look, observe
colonoscopy

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22
Q

graphy/graph

A

recording an image
mammogrpahy

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23
Q

gram

A

the image/ xray
mammogram

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24
Q

ology/ologist

A

study, specialize in
cardiologist

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25
Q

stomato

A

mouth
stomatitis

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26
Q

dento

A

teeth

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27
Q

glosso/linguo

A

tongue

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28
Q

gingivo

A

gums
gingivitis

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29
Q

encephalo

A

brain
encephalitis

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30
Q

gastro

A

stomach
gastric

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31
Q

entero

A

intestine
gastroenteritis

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32
Q

colo

A

large intestine
colitis

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33
Q

procto

A

anus/rectum
proctisis

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34
Q

hepato

A

liver
hepatitis

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35
Q

nephro/rene

A

kidney
nephrosis

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36
Q

orchido

A

testis
orchiditis

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37
Q

oophoro

A

ovary
oophorectomy

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38
Q

hystero/metro

A

uterus
hysterectomy
endometritis

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39
Q

salpingo

A

uterine tubes
hysterosalpingogram

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40
Q

dermo

A

skin
dermatitis

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41
Q

masto/mammo

A

breast
mammography
masectomy

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42
Q

osteo

A

bones
osteoporosis

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43
Q

cardio

A

heart
electrocardiogram

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44
Q

cysto

A

bladder
cystitis

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45
Q

rhino

A

nose
rhinitis (runny nose)

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46
Q

pneumo/pulmo

A

lung
pneumonitis

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47
Q

phlebo/veno

A

veins
phlebitis, phlebotomy

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48
Q

hemo/emia

A

blood
hematologist, anemia

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49
Q

leuk/o

A

white
leukemia (over abundance of WBC)

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50
Q

melan/o

A

black
melanoma (black tumor on the skin)

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51
Q

cyan/o

A

blue
cyanosis (blue due to lack of oxygen)

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52
Q

xanth/o

A

yellow
xanthoma (yellow tumor)

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53
Q

oma

A

tumor

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54
Q

aden/o

A

gland
adenoma

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55
Q

lip/o

A

fat
lipoma

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56
Q

my/o

A

muscle
myoma

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57
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph tissue
lymphoma

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58
Q

carcin/o

A

malignant
carcinoma

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59
Q

osteo/o

A

bone
osteoma

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60
Q

endo

A

inside
endoscopy (to inspect the inside of an organ or space with a lighted instrument)

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61
Q

peri

A

around
perianal (around the anus)

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62
Q

circum

A

around
circumcise (cut around)

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63
Q

retro

A

behind
retrosternal (behind the breastbone)

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64
Q

epi

A

upon/top
epidermis (the top or outermost layer of skin)

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65
Q

trans

A

through
transurethral (through the urinary exit duct)

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66
Q

intra

A

within
intravenous (inside the veins, e.g. IV fluids)

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67
Q

sub

A

below
subclavian (below the clavicle = collar bone)

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68
Q

brady/tachy

A

slow/fast
Bradycardia (rate<60) tachycardia (rate>100)

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69
Q

angi/o

A

vessel
Angiography, angiogram (X-ray of artery)

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70
Q

veno/phlebo

A

vein
Venogram (X-ray of veins), phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

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71
Q

stasis

A

stop
Hemostasis (to stop bleeding), hemostat (a clamp-like instrument)

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72
Q

cyte

A

cell
Erythrocytes, leukocytes (red, white blood cells)

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73
Q

hem/o, -emia

A

blood
hypoxemia (low oxygen), hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tubes)

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74
Q

Cephal/o

A

head
Cephalgia (a headache)

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75
Q

Encephal/o

A

inside of the brain
Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) Anencephalic (born without a brain)

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76
Q

Mening/o

A

membranes surrounding the spinal cord
Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes)

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77
Q

Myel/o

A

spinal cord
Myelogram (X-ray of the spinal cord)

78
Q

Neur/o

A

nerve
Neuroma (tumor) Neuritis (inflammation)

79
Q

Dys

A

difficult, painful, abnormal
Dyslexia (difficulty reading)

80
Q

-cele

A

Hernia, abnormal protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position
Meningomyelocele (protrusion of membranes and spinal cord)

81
Q

-pathy

A

disease, abnormality
Encephalopathy (disease of the brain) Neuropathy (disease of the nerves)

82
Q

-plasia

A

development, formation, growth
Aplasia (no development) Hyperplasia (over development

83
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis
Hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body) Quadriplegia (paralysis of all four limbs)

84
Q

Sclerosis

A

hardening

85
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke

86
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

not enough blood supply to the heart

87
Q

Epilepsy

A

seizure

88
Q

Aphasia

A

loss of speech due to stroke

89
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

CT, no xray

90
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

X-ray machine that takes multiple images of a body area from different angles (slices)

91
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

an image (in this case a written recording) of the brain’s electrical activity

92
Q

Brain scan

A

introducing a radioactive element into the blood can image possible tumors in the brain

93
Q

Lumbar (spinal) puncture or tap (LP)

A

introducing a needle between the lower bony vertebrae of our spinal column allows a physician to sample the fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), surrounding the brain and spinal cord

94
Q

Neurologist

A

brain and spinal cord specialist
not a surgeon

95
Q

Hepat/o

A

liver
Hepatitis (inflammation of), hepatoma (tumor of)

96
Q

Chol/e

A

gallbladder, bile
Cholecystitis, cholecystectomy (inflammation of, removal of gallbladder)

97
Q

Gastro

A

stomach
Gastritis, Gastrectomy

98
Q

Cyst/o

A

bladder, sac

99
Q

Emes/o

A

vomit
Emesis (vomiting), emetic (stimulating vomiting), antiemetic (stopping vomiting)

100
Q

Lith/o

A

stone
Cholelithotomy (removal of gall stones)

101
Q

Lapar/o

A

abdominal wall
Laparotomy (cutting into the abdomen)

102
Q

-centesis

A

to puncture
Abdominocentesis (puncturing and draining)

103
Q

-tripsy

A

to crush
Cholelithotripsy (smashing gall stones with sound waves)

104
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge
diarrhea

105
Q

-iasis
(-osis)

A

abnormal condition
Cholelithiasis (presence of gall stones causing symptoms)

106
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Severe “heartburn”
Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to reflux (regurgitate, backup) into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining.

107
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues. May result from blockage of the ducts draining bile from the liver into the intestines or excessive breakdown of red blood cells. Hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs is broken down, and in part, ends up in bile secretions.

108
Q

Diverticulosis/diverticulitis

A

Small pouches may form along the walls of the large intestine called diverticuli which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is called diverticulosis. These abnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal material which can lead to inflammation, diverticulitis.

109
Q

Cirrhosis

A

“orange-yellow”
A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics

110
Q

Portal hypertension

A

A potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage and obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver. The rising blood pressure in the veins between the gastrointestinal tract and liver causes engorgement of veins around the umbilicus (navel).

111
Q

Esophageal varices

A

bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus are often a complication of chronic alcoholism (see portal hypertension). The thin-walled, swollen veins are at risk of tearing resulting in severe, possibly fatal, bleeding.

112
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

113
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

a chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel. Typical symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea. There may also be rectal bleeding that can lead to anemia.

114
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity.

115
Q

Gastroenterologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach and intestines.
no surgery

116
Q

Proctologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus. Proctology is a surgical subspecialty.

117
Q

Guaiac test (Hemoccult, Fecult)

A

a special chemical test to identify blood in the stool (feces). Blood in the stool may have many causes including cancer and hemorrhoids.

118
Q

Upper GI series

A

series of X-rays of the esophagus and stomach and small intestines having the patient swallow a “milkshake” of barium. The element barium is opaque, i.e. blocks , X-rays.

119
Q

Lower GI series

A

a series of X-rays using a barium enema to show the large intestine and rectum.

120
Q

Endoscopy

A

use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument attached to a video camera that can be used to directly visualize the esophagus, stomach and large bowel.

121
Q

Ultrasonography (ultrasound)

A

a procedure using high frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs.

122
Q

Rhin/o

A

Nose
Rhinitis, rhinorrhea (inflammation of and “runny” nose)

123
Q

Laryng/o

A

Larynx, “voice box”*
Laryngotomy, Laryngectomy (cutting into, surgically removing the larynx)

124
Q

Trache/o

A

Trachea, “windpipe”
Tracheotomy, tracheostomy (temporary and permanent openings)

125
Q

Bronch/o

A

Lung air passageways
Bronchoscopy (looking into the bronchi)

126
Q

Pne/u, -pnea

A

Breath, air, lung
Tachypnea, dyspnea, apnea (accelerated, difficult/painful, cessation of breathing)

127
Q

Pulmo/o

A

Lung
Pulmonary artery

128
Q

-plasty

A

Reconstruction
Rhinoplasty (surgical reconstruction of nose)

129
Q

-ptysis

A

Spitting (coughing)
Hemoptysis (spitting or coughing up blood from lungs)

130
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

“an abnormal condition of dust in the lungs.” A generic name for conditions where toxic particles become trapped in the lungs and cause symptoms and disability such a “black lung” or “miner’s lung” disease

131
Q

Epistaxis

A

nosebleeds

132
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

an inheritable disease that affects not only the lungs but other systems producing mucous such as the digestive system. Patients suffer frequent lung infections that are hard to treat because mucous is thick and sluggish and result in increased scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. They also take multiple enzyme pills because of digestive abnormalities related to abnormal mucous production.

133
Q

Emphysema (COPD)

A

results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange.

134
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

135
Q

Pulmonologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the lungs. Patients needing surgery are referred to a general surgeon.

136
Q

Respiratory Therapist

A

a specially trained technician who administers, among other treatments, inhalation therapy to patients with lung disease.

137
Q

Pulmonary angiography

A

special X-rays of the vessels of the lungs.

138
Q

Laryngoscopy

A

visual examination of the larynx.

139
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A

passing a special air-tube into the trachea so oxygen can be reliably supplied directly to the lungs without risk of inhaling vomit from the stomach.

140
Q

Nephr/o, ren/o

A

Kidney
Nephritis, renal artery

141
Q

Hydro/o

A

Water
Hydronephrosis (abnormal condition involving back up of urine into the kidney

142
Q

Cyst/o

A

Bladder
Cystitis, cystectomy (inflammation of, removal of bladder)

143
Q

Pyel/o

A

Renal collecting ducts
Pyelogram (X-ray of the collecting ducts)

144
Q

Ur/o, -uria

A

Urine
Polyuria, anuria (frequent urination, no urine formation)

145
Q

Olig/o

A

Scanty, less than normal
Oliguria (reduced urine formation)

146
Q

-pexy

A

To surgically reattach, fix in normal position
Nephropexy (surgically attach kidney in normal anatomical position)

147
Q

Nephrosis

A

a noninflammatory disease of kidneys.

148
Q

Nephrolith

A

a kidney stone.

149
Q

Urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both sexes, and the common pathway for urine and semen in the male.

150
Q

Nocturia

A

frequently getting up and urinating during the night.

151
Q

Enuresis

A

involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to “bedwetting.”

152
Q

Cystoscopy

A

looking into the urinary bladder with a fiberoptic instrument.

153
Q

Intravenous pyelogram

A

special X-rays showing the drainage pattern of the kidneys. A dye opaque to X-rays is injected into a vein. After a waiting period for the blood and dye to pass through the kidneys, X-rays can be taken of the collecting system of the kidney, ureter and bladder.

154
Q

Retrograde pyelogram

A

a dye opaque to X-rays is flushed backwards up the urethra and bladder and up the ureters to the kidneys.

155
Q

Voiding cystourethrogram

A

an imaging technique (X-ray) displaying the urethra and bladder while urinating

156
Q

Dialysis

A

a procedure for cleansing the blood of waste products in individuals with complete kidney failure or who have had kidneys removed by surgery. With the in-hospital procedure, the patient’s blood is circulated through a machine that removes waste products. The blood is recirculated back into the patient.

157
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Crushing kidney stones with sound waves. Nephrolithotripsy- the sludge from crushing kidney stones has an easy direct pathway out of the body (down the ureter to the bladder and out the urethra)

158
Q

Orchid/o, test/o

A

Testes (male gonad) *
Orchiditis, orchidectomy, testicular artery, testosterone (male sex hormone)

159
Q

Balan/o

A

Head of the penis
Balanitis

160
Q

Andr/o

A

male
Androgenic (stimulating maleness), androgynous (characteristics of male and female appearance)

161
Q

Prostat/o

A

Prostate
Prostatitis, prostatectomy

162
Q

Vas/o

A

Vessel/duct
Vas deferens, vasectomy (duct carrying semen from testes, cutting the duct)

163
Q

-rrhaphy

A

to suture
Herniorrhaphy (surgical correction of inguinal hernia)

164
Q

Hypospadias

A

“below the fleshy spike.” A condition in which the external urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the tip.

165
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

“hidden testicle.” A condition of lack of descent of one or both testes into the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can lead to sterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.

165
Q

Hydrocele

A

a fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis. Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause discomfort. Can be surgically corrected. And, who would most likely be doing the surgery? A urologist!

165
Q

Varicocele

A

dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of “hemorrhoids” of the scrotum! Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and feel like a “bag of worms.” May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort. This condition may also cause reduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood flow elevating testicular temperature.

166
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A

swelling of the prostate gland which surrounds the base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and nocturia (remember that word?

167
Q

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

the surgical cure for BPH. An instrument inserted through the penile urethra is used to partially cut away the prostate to relieve obstruction of the urinary tract.

168
Q

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

A

PSA is a marker protein for prostate cell secretions which can be detected with a lab test. A rising PSA may be an early sign of prostate cancer, although there may be other causes including false positive tests.

169
Q

Hymen

A

Membrane surrounding entrance of vagina
Hymen – the Greek god of marriage

170
Q

Aphrodisiac

A

A chemical purported to stimulate sexual desire
Aphrodite- The Greek goddess of love

171
Q

Venereal disease

A

A sexually transmitted infectious disease
Venus – the Roman goddess of love

172
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

A condition where both ovarian and testicular tissue are found in the same individual
Hermaphroditus* – the offspring of Hermes and Aphrodite who looked female but had male genitalia

173
Q

Priapism

A

A continuous, painful erection
Priapus – the Roman god of male potency

174
Q

Satyriasis

A

A condition of compulsive sexual desire in men.
Satyr- a woodland deity part man and part goat. Most notable for chasing nymphs.

175
Q

Hyster/o, metr/

A

uterus
Hysterectomy, endometritis (inflammation of the lining of uterus)

176
Q

Salping/o, -salpinx

A

uterine tube
Salpingitis, hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tube)

177
Q

Colp/o

A

vagina
Colporrhaphy (suturing a tear), colpoplasty (surgical reconstruction), colposcopy (viewing the interior)

178
Q

Oophor/o

A

ovary
Oophorectomy, oophoropexy (surgery fixation, reattachment)

179
Q

Men/o

A

menstruation
Menarche (first), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)

180
Q

Mamm/o, mast/o

A

breast
Mammogram, mastectomy

181
Q

-pareunia, coitus

A

intercourse
Dyspareunia (painful intercourse), precoital, postcoital (before and after intercourse)

182
Q

Endometriosis

A

a condition involving colonization of the abdominal/pelvic cavity with islands of endometrial tissue. Endometrium is the lining layer of the uterus which sloughs off with each menstruation. If endometrial tissue flushes up the uterine tube and spills into the abdomen (peritoneal cavity), the clots of endometrial tissue can attach to abdominal organs such as the bladder, rectum, intestinal loops and then cycle along with the uterus in response to monthly changes in ovarian hormones. Bleeding into the abdomen irritates the lining membrane, the peritoneum, and causes abdominal pain.

183
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

although males have a closed abdominal cavity, the female abdominal cavity has a direct anatomical path from the outside world via the female reproductive tract. Bacteria can make their way up the vagina, through the uterus, and traverse the uterine tubes which open into the abdominal cavity. Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum, causes abdominal pain. Although there are many potential causes of PID, gonorrheal infection is one of them. Chronic Inflammation of the uterine tubes can occlude them resulting in infertility.

184
Q

Prolapsed uterus

A

the uterus is almost directly above the vagina. In fact, the cervix, the neck region, of the uterus extends into the upper vagina. Ligaments hold the uterus in proper position so that it does not prolapse or herniate into the vagina. Severe prolapse can result in the uterine cervix protruding from the vaginal opening. Surgical repair is typically required to restore the uterus to its proper anatomical position.

185
Q

Obstetrician

A

A physician specializing in the diagnosis and management of pregnancy and delivering babies.

186
Q

Gynecologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the female reproductive system and surgery of this area.

187
Q
A
188
Q
A
189
Q
A

Medical Nutrition Therapy (6 decks)

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