401 Exam #2 Flashcards
Otitis media and UTIs = ________ type of infection?
Local
Bacteremia and septicemia are systemic infections (T or F?)
T
what is an etiologic agent?
microorganism capable of causing infection
what is reservoir?
source of infection
- parts of body, humans, plants, animals, general environment
what is the portal of exit?
How the pathogen leaves the reservoir
- saliva, coughing, vaginal discharge, open wound, need puncture site
what are the three modes of transmission?
direct, indirect, airborne
What determines a patient’s susceptibility to infection?
age and genetics
4 stages of infection
- incubation period
- prodromal stage
- illness stage
- convalescent stage
___________ defenses for infection include mucous membranes, intact skin, GI tract, GU tract, phagocytosis, inflammation, antibody and cell-mediated immune system
Physiological
Describe the chain of infection (E.R.P.M.P.S.)
E - etiologic agent. pathogen with virulence and ability to infiltrate the host and live in the host body
R - reservoir. where the organism usually resides. Includes patient’s own microorganisms from other parts of their body, other humans, plants, animals, and the environment
P - portal of exit. nose, mouth, vagina, anus, and open wounds (people are the most common source of infection for themselves and for others)
M - mode of transmission. direct, indirect, or airborne transmission
P - portal of entry. mouth, cuts in the skin, eyes, nose
S - susceptible host. ANYONE! mostly elderly, infants, and immunocompromised at risk
PPE for contact precautions includes _________ and ___________.
gown and gloves
PPE for DROPLET precautions includes _________, ________, ____________ and ___________.
gown, gloves, surgical mask, EYE PROTECTION
PPE for AIRBORNE precautions includes _________, ________, ____________ and ___________.
gown, gloves, N95 MASK, EYE PROTECTION
Infections that require CONTACT precautions (MRS. WEE).
M – multi-drug resistant organisms
R – respiratory infection
S – skin infections (varicella zoster, cutaneous diphtheria, herpes simplex, impetigo, pediculosis, scabies)
W – wound infection
E – enteric infection (clostridium difficile)
E – eye infection (conjunctivitis)
Infections that require DROPLET precautions (SPIDERMAN)
S – sepsis, scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis
P – parvovirus B19, pneumonia, pertussis
I – influenza
D – diphtheria (pharyngeal)
E – epiglottitis
R – rubella
M – mumps, meningitis, mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia
AN – adenovirus
Infections that require AIRBORNE precautions (MTV).
M – measles
T – tuberculosis
V – varicella
Clinical manifestations of sepsis
- Fever OR hypothermia (older adults/infants)
- hypotension
- no or low urine output
- Tachycardia
- Increased respirations
- Skin = rash or sweaty
- mental status changes
- musculoskeletal pain
Expected lab results of sepsis
- Abnormal CBC (leukocytosis or leukopenia)
- Alteration in clotting factors (thrombocytosis or thrombocytopenia)
- Elevated liver, C-reactive protein, and creatinine levels
- Positive blood culture
Are the following EARLY or LATE signs of septic shock?
Normal to hypotensive
Pulse >90 bpm
Respirations >20
Skin: warm, flushed
Mental status: alert, oriented, anxious
Urine output: normal
Other: increase or decrease in temperature, chills, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased CVP ( a normal central venous pressure is 2-8)
Early
Are the following EARLY or LATE signs of septic shock?
Hypotension
Tachycardia, arrhythmia
Rapid, shallow respirations, dyspneic
Skin: decreased cap refill, mottled, cool
Mental status: irritable, lethargic, comatose
Urine output: oliguria to anuria
Other: decreased or absent bowel sounds, decreased CVP
Late
What things need to be monitored when a patient has sepsis?
- vital signs (<100, MAP <65, CVP <2 = concerning)
- Hemodynamic monitoring
- I & O
- skin
- JVD
- mental status
- level of consciousness
What nursing actions need to be done when a patient has sepsis?
- obtain blood cultures
- IV fluids administered via Large-bore needle or central line
- Administer NS, LR, or crystalloids/colloids fluids
- maintain O2 above 90%
- Administer vasopressors
- Whole blood or blood products may be used after crystalloid bolus to increase oxygen-carrying capacity
What disease is a highly infectious airborne disease, and begins when a susceptible person inhales mycobacterium?
Tuberculosis