401 Exam #2 Flashcards
Otitis media and UTIs = ________ type of infection?
Local
Bacteremia and septicemia are systemic infections (T or F?)
T
what is an etiologic agent?
microorganism capable of causing infection
what is reservoir?
source of infection
- parts of body, humans, plants, animals, general environment
what is the portal of exit?
How the pathogen leaves the reservoir
- saliva, coughing, vaginal discharge, open wound, need puncture site
what are the three modes of transmission?
direct, indirect, airborne
What determines a patient’s susceptibility to infection?
age and genetics
4 stages of infection
- incubation period
- prodromal stage
- illness stage
- convalescent stage
___________ defenses for infection include mucous membranes, intact skin, GI tract, GU tract, phagocytosis, inflammation, antibody and cell-mediated immune system
Physiological
Describe the chain of infection (E.R.P.M.P.S.)
E - etiologic agent. pathogen with virulence and ability to infiltrate the host and live in the host body
R - reservoir. where the organism usually resides. Includes patient’s own microorganisms from other parts of their body, other humans, plants, animals, and the environment
P - portal of exit. nose, mouth, vagina, anus, and open wounds (people are the most common source of infection for themselves and for others)
M - mode of transmission. direct, indirect, or airborne transmission
P - portal of entry. mouth, cuts in the skin, eyes, nose
S - susceptible host. ANYONE! mostly elderly, infants, and immunocompromised at risk
PPE for contact precautions includes _________ and ___________.
gown and gloves
PPE for DROPLET precautions includes _________, ________, ____________ and ___________.
gown, gloves, surgical mask, EYE PROTECTION
PPE for AIRBORNE precautions includes _________, ________, ____________ and ___________.
gown, gloves, N95 MASK, EYE PROTECTION
Infections that require CONTACT precautions (MRS. WEE).
M – multi-drug resistant organisms
R – respiratory infection
S – skin infections (varicella zoster, cutaneous diphtheria, herpes simplex, impetigo, pediculosis, scabies)
W – wound infection
E – enteric infection (clostridium difficile)
E – eye infection (conjunctivitis)
Infections that require DROPLET precautions (SPIDERMAN)
S – sepsis, scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis
P – parvovirus B19, pneumonia, pertussis
I – influenza
D – diphtheria (pharyngeal)
E – epiglottitis
R – rubella
M – mumps, meningitis, mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia
AN – adenovirus
Infections that require AIRBORNE precautions (MTV).
M – measles
T – tuberculosis
V – varicella
Clinical manifestations of sepsis
- Fever OR hypothermia (older adults/infants)
- hypotension
- no or low urine output
- Tachycardia
- Increased respirations
- Skin = rash or sweaty
- mental status changes
- musculoskeletal pain
Expected lab results of sepsis
- Abnormal CBC (leukocytosis or leukopenia)
- Alteration in clotting factors (thrombocytosis or thrombocytopenia)
- Elevated liver, C-reactive protein, and creatinine levels
- Positive blood culture
Are the following EARLY or LATE signs of septic shock?
Normal to hypotensive
Pulse >90 bpm
Respirations >20
Skin: warm, flushed
Mental status: alert, oriented, anxious
Urine output: normal
Other: increase or decrease in temperature, chills, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased CVP ( a normal central venous pressure is 2-8)
Early
Are the following EARLY or LATE signs of septic shock?
Hypotension
Tachycardia, arrhythmia
Rapid, shallow respirations, dyspneic
Skin: decreased cap refill, mottled, cool
Mental status: irritable, lethargic, comatose
Urine output: oliguria to anuria
Other: decreased or absent bowel sounds, decreased CVP
Late
What things need to be monitored when a patient has sepsis?
- vital signs (<100, MAP <65, CVP <2 = concerning)
- Hemodynamic monitoring
- I & O
- skin
- JVD
- mental status
- level of consciousness
What nursing actions need to be done when a patient has sepsis?
- obtain blood cultures
- IV fluids administered via Large-bore needle or central line
- Administer NS, LR, or crystalloids/colloids fluids
- maintain O2 above 90%
- Administer vasopressors
- Whole blood or blood products may be used after crystalloid bolus to increase oxygen-carrying capacity
What disease is a highly infectious airborne disease, and begins when a susceptible person inhales mycobacterium?
Tuberculosis
T or F: everyone who is infected with TB will develop the disease
False
(If the pt has an adequate immune response to tb bacilli, then scar tissue develops around the tubercle and the bacilli remain enclosed, these lesions will then calcify (they might be visible on an x-ray), but the pt will not develop the Tb disease)
