401-500 Flashcards
which strains of the virus
If strain is put on an organization or system, it has to do more than it is able to do.
The virus mutates in the carrier’s body.
HIV has proven to possess an ability to mutate into drug-resistant forms.
If an animal or plant mutates, or something mutates it, it develops different characteristics as the result of a change in its genes.
I got out my wallet and began to dole out the money.
If you dole something out, you give a certain amount of it to each member of a group.
Young people are the most susceptible to advertisements.
James was extremely susceptible to flattery.
Walking with weights makes the shoulders very susceptible to injury.
If you are susceptible to something or someone, you are very likely to be influenced by them.
If you are susceptible to a disease or injury, you are very likely to be affected by it.
Walking with weights makes the shoulders very susceptible to injury.
France is expected to detonate its first nuclear device in the next few days.
If someone detonates a device such as a bomb, or if it detonates, it explodes.
The leadership voted to purge the party of “hostile and antiparty elements.”
He recently purged the armed forces, sending hundreds of officers into retirement.
To purge an organization of its unacceptable members means to remove them from it. You can also talk about purging people from an organization. 粛清
a military reaper drone
A reaper is a machine used to cut and gather crops.
call for a bump
to hit or knock against with a jolt; collide lightly with
An asteroid is one of the very small planets that move around the sun between Mars and Jupiter.
小惑星
There were a hundred or so hotels in the vicinity of the station.
If something is in the vicinity of a particular place, it is near it.
His mother and father thought Jim was a bit of an oddball too.
If you refer to someone as an oddball, you think they behave in a strange way.
He wasn’t the one carrying around a thousand pounds of future Olympic athlete and Nobel laureate.
a person on whom honor or distinction is conferred
The controversy has arisen over the text of the preamble to the unification treaty.
A preamble is an introduction that comes before something you say or write.
an introduction, esp. one to a constitution, statute, etc., stating the reasons for it and its purpose
…the political opinions of such luminaries as Sartre or de Beauvoir.
If you refer to someone as a luminary, you mean that they are an expert in a particular subject or activity.
- a body that gives off light, such as the sun or moon
- a. a person who sheds light on some subject or enlightens mankind; famous intellectual
b. any famous or well-known person
City worker has admitted killing a former colleague with a single punch after his shoe was thrown out of a taxi window in a drunken prank.
A prank is a childish trick.
a mischievous trick or practical joke
Captain Grenville stared at him steely-eyed.
having a hard, fierce expression
…a bubbly girl who loves to laugh.
Someone who is bubbly is very lively and cheerful and talks a lot.
Russia is committed to destroying most of its nuclear arsenals.
An arsenal is a large collection of weapons and military equipment held by a country, group, or person.
The aid appeal has galvanized the country’s business community.
To galvanize someone means to cause them to take action, for example by making them feel very excited, afraid, or angry.～を急に刺激する、奮い立たせる、駆り立てる、活気づける、活性化する、急に元気づけて～させる
We’ll be at your house at round about nine o’clock, okay?
approximately
Large numbers of police were in the square to forestall any demonstrations.
If you forestall someone, you realize what they are likely to do and prevent them from doing it.
he struggle against pollution, the battle for the earth, averting a self-inflicted apocalypse.
The apocalypse is the total destruction and end of the world.
blunder into a nuclear war
to make a mistake through stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness blundered by not acting sooner
aphasia
loss or impairment of the power to use or comprehend words usually resulting from brain damage
” … I had been fool enough to allow myself to be so quickly allured by her charms …
to entice by charm or attraction
When the political climate tilted towards fundamentalism he was threatened. [VERB preposition/adverb]
He continued to urge the Conservative Party to tilt rightwards. [VERB preposition/adverb]
The paper has done much to tilt American public opinion in favour of intervention. [VERB noun preposition/adverb]
If a person or thing tilts towards a particular opinion or if something tilts them towards it, they change slightly so that they become more in agreement with that opinion or position.
She slams the kitchen door so hard I hear dishes rattle. [VERB]
He gently rattled the cage and whispered to the canary. [VERB noun]
The truck pulled away, and she listened to the rattling noises fade down the lane. [VERB-ing]
When something rattles or when you rattle it, it makes short sharp knocking sounds because it is being shaken or it keeps hitting against something hard.
Mellors was preaching heresy and had to be immediately defrocked. [be VERB-ed]
…a defrocked priest. [VERB-ed]
If a priest is defrocked, he is forced to stop being a priest because of bad behaviour.
Electric rays stun their prey with huge electrical discharges.
These animals were the prey of hyenas. [+ of]
A creature’s prey are the creatures that it hunts and eats in order to live.
And when it comes, it comes down like confetti.
Confetti is small pieces of coloured paper that people throw over the bride and bridegroom at a wedding.
They were concerned only with their own religious fervor.
Fervor for something is a very strong feeling for or belief in it.
communion with nature
A communion of souls
Communion with nature or with a person is the feeling that you are sharing thoughts or feelings with them.
pedophile
a person having pedophilia
《精神医学》小児愛者、幼児を性欲の対象とする人
He used his broad executive powers to nullify decisions by local governments. [VERB noun]
It is worth remembering that previous wills are nullified automatically upon marriage. [be VERB-ed]
To nullify a legal decision or procedure means to declare that it is not legally valid.
Many of them live under deplorable conditions.
The Chief Constable said that sexual harassment was deplorable.
If you say that something is deplorable, you think that it is very bad and unacceptable.
hobbit
a nickname used for a very small type of primitive human, Homo floresiensis, following the discovery of remains of eight such people on the Island of Flores, Indonesia, in 2003
They got a battering ram to smash down the door.
A battering ram is a long heavy piece of wood that is used to knock down the locked doors of buildings.
The players are in defiant mood as they prepare for tomorrow’s game.
Despite the risk of suspension, he remained defiant.
If you say that someone is defiant, you mean they show aggression or independence by refusing to obey someone.
He accused politicians of whipping up anti-foreign sentiments in order to win right-wing votes. [VERB PARTICLE noun]
Joe McCarthy whipped up Americans into a frenzy of anti-Communist activity in the Fifties. [V P n (not pron) into n]
If someone whips up an emotion, especially a dangerous one such as hatred, or if they whip people up into an emotional state, they deliberately cause and encourage people to feel that emotion.
‘Get out!’ she ordered in a frenzy.
The country was gripped by a frenzy of nationalism.
Frenzy or a frenzy is great excitement or wild behaviour that often results from losing control of your feelings.
A number of products have been developed which are permeable to air and water.
If a substance is permeable, something such as water or gas can pass through it or soak into it.
keep the wolves at bay
As a student, he took an evening job to keep the wolf from the door.
to prevent someone from moving closer.
to have just enough money to be able to eat and live
His recent productions have been beautifully crafted works with little overt political content.
Although there is no overt hostility, black and white students do not mix much.
An overt action or attitude is done or shown in an open and obvious way.
They have been supplying covert military aid to the rebels.
The depth of covert racism in my own profession frightens me.
Covert activities or situations are secret or hidden.
calcified tissue
Body tissue that is calcified has become hard because of the presence of substances called calcium salts.
..a short-barreled rifle.
…a double-barrelled shotgun.
-barreled combines with adjectives to form adjectives that describe a gun which has a barrel or barrels of the specified type.
The announcement has been met with incredulity.
The Vicar looked at him with open-mouthed incredulity.
If someone reacts with incredulity to something, they are unable to believe it because it is very surprising or shocking.
A new Danish expedition is again excavating the site in annual summer digs.
When archaeologists or other people excavate a piece of land, they remove earth carefully from it and look for things such as pots, bones, or buildings which are buried there, in order to discover information about the past.
It is mere surmise that Bosch had Brant’s poem in mind when doing this painting.
His surmise proved correct.
If you say that a particular conclusion is surmise, you mean that it is a guess based on the available evidence and you do not know for certain that it is true.
Her wide-eyed innocence soon exposes the pretensions of the art world. [+ of]
We like him for his honesty, his lack of pretension.
If you say that someone has pretensions, you disapprove of them because they claim or pretend that they are more important than they really are.
Mr. Sutherland may have the clout needed to push the two trading giants into a deal.
political and economic clout
A person or institution that has clout has influence and power.
If you clout someone, you hit them.
Sun Microsystems gave up its legal fight with Microsoft and agreed to cooperate with its longtime nemesis.
The new mathematics test will become the nemesis of teachers.
ネメシス◆報復の女神
The nemesis of a person or thing is a situation, event, or person which causes them to be seriously harmed, especially as a punishment.
A person’s nemesis is their opponent or rival, especially one who has been their opponent or rival for a long time.
The attack began, sending residents scurrying for cover.
When people or small animals scurry somewhere, they move there quickly and hurriedly, especially because they are frightened.
His figure is dwarfed by the huge red McDonald’s sign.
～を小さくする［見せる］、～の成長を妨げる
If one person or thing is dwarfed by another, the second is so much bigger than the first that it makes them look very small.
The girl was a mirage, cast up by his troubled mind.
It hovered before his eyes like the mirage of an oasis.
A mirage is something that you see when it is extremely hot, for example in the desert, and which appears to be quite near but is actually a long way away or does not really exist.
If you describe something as a mirage, you mean that it is not real or true, although it may seem to be.
for fear of turning the smouldering fire into a full-blown conflagration
Whole blocks had been turned into smouldering rubble.
His darkly smouldering eyes never left her face.
There is a smouldering anger in the black community.
his smouldering hatred
burning slowly without flame, usually emitting smoke
communicating suppressed or half-suppressed feelings, esp of anger, desire, etc
Smoldering, US spelling
Their costly and futile attempt to subjugate the Afghans lasted just 10 years.
If someone subjugates a group of people, they take complete control of them, especially by defeating them in a war.
武力などで人々を〕支配下に置く、従属させる、意のままに操る◆【語源】ラテン語の接頭辞sub-（下に）とiugum（yoke）から。古代ローマで征服した敵に無力であることを知らしめるために、槍門（yoke of spears）をくぐらせたことから。
A happy ending is only possible because the hero has first vanquished the dragons.
To vanquish someone means to defeat them completely in a battle or a competition.
These kids are being exploited by very unscrupulous people.
〔不公正・不道徳・不誠実なふるまいをして〕無節操な、不謹慎な、恥知らずな、たちの悪い
If you describe a person as unscrupulous, you are critical of the fact that they are prepared to act in a dishonest or immoral way in order to get what they want
lacking moral principles
The virulence of the café owner’s anger had appalled her.
I was surprised by the virulence of the criticism.
Virulence is great bitterness and hostility.
: the quality or state of being virulent: such as
a : extreme bitterness or malignity of temper : rancor
b : malignancy, venomousness the virulence of a disease
c : the relative capacity of a pathogen to overcome body defenses
We all stank and nobody minded.
The place stinks of fried onions.
Word forms: stinks, stinking, stank, stunk
Be extra careful about personal hygiene.
Hygiene is the practice of keeping yourself and your surroundings clean, especially in order to prevent illness or the spread of diseases.
Incense burner
Incense is a substance that is burned for its sweet smell, often as part of a religious ceremony.
flint spears
…a flint arrowhead.
…eyes the color of flint.
Flint is a very hard grayish-black stone that was used in former times for making tools.
She deliberated over the decision for a good few years before she finally made up her mind.
If you deliberate, you think about something carefully, especially before making a very important decision.
Eleanor will be back any moment, if she doesn’t dawdle.
If you dawdle, you spend more time than is necessary going somewhere.
It was exhilarating to be on the road again and his spirits rose.
If you describe an experience or feeling as exhilarating, you mean that it makes you feel very happy and excited.
…the role of religious belief in a democratic polity.
A polity is an organized society, such as a nation, city, or church, together with its government and administration., the form of a government
Tenochtitlan
mexico city —the name used when it was capital of the Aztec Empire
the U.S. Capitol is one of our nation’s most impressive edifices
1 : building; especially : a large or massive structure
2 : a large abstract structure
holds together the social edifice —R. H. Tawney
they had to prise the news out of him
‘I tried to prise Joe’s fingers away from the stick’
‘using a screwdriver, he prised open the window’
Use force in order to move, move apart, or open (something) verb (transitive) 1. to force open by levering 2. to extract or obtain with difficulty 3. rare or dialect a tool involving leverage in its use or the leverage so employed
People are still suffering under the yoke of slavery.
If you say that people are under the yoke of a bad thing or person, you mean they are forced to live in a difficult or unhappy state because of that thing or person.
A yoke is a long piece of wood tied across the necks of two animals such as oxen, in order to make them walk close together when they are pulling a plow.
Do you protect your hotel with two or three henchmen?
If you refer to someone as another person’s henchman, you mean that they work for or support the other person, especially by doing unpleasant, violent, or dishonest things on their behalf.
The students denied plagiarizing papers.
If someone plagiarizes another person’s idea or work, they use it or copy it and pretend that they thought of it or created it.
When her brother arrives home on a visit from Hong Kong, he sneers at her parochial existence.
If you describe someone as parochial, you are critical of them because you think they are too concerned with their own affairs and should be thinking about more important things.
視野が狭い、度量の狭い、偏狭な、杓子定規な
…a puny, bespectacled youth.
Someone or something that is puny is very small or weak.
Some of the companies illegally sent the wherewithal for making chemical weapons.
If you have the wherewithal for something, you have the means, especially the money, that you need for it.
The new portals have the potential to challenge that hegemony.
Hegemony is a situation in which one country, organization, or group has more power, control, or importance than others hɪdʒɛməni
…saxophone colossus Sonny Rollins.
He became a colossus of the labor movement.
If you describe someone or something as a colossus, you think that they are extremely important and great in ability or size.
Divers battled for hours to try to free a whale entangled in crab nets.
This case was bound to get entangled in international politics.
If something is entangled in something such as a rope, wire, or net, it is caught in it very firmly.
If you become entangled in problems or difficulties, you become involved in problems or difficulties from which it is hard to escape.
archaeologist
Archaeology is the study of the societies and peoples of the past by examining the remains of their buildings, tools, and other objects.
anthropologist
Anthropology is the scientific study of people, society, and culture.
…the flora and fauna of the African jungle.
Animals, especially the animals in a particular area, can be referred to as fauna. 動物相
cuneiform
kjuˈniəˌfɔrm
楔形文字
He had an angular face with prominent cheekbones.
Angular things have shapes that seem to contain a lot of straight lines and sharp points.
The medal bears the inscription “For distinguished service.”
An inscription is writing carved into something made of stone or metal, such as a gravestone or medal.
…the opinion of savants on the composition of the lunar surface.
A savant is a person of great learning or natural ability.
学識者
This phenomenon piqued Dr. Morris’ interest.
If something piques your interest or curiosity, it makes you interested or curious.
The shah
a sovereign of Iran
Her looks belie her 50 years.
If one thing belies another, it hides the true situation and so creates a false idea or image of someone or something.
Most of the older buildings have been torn down and replaced by modern monstrosities.
If you describe something, especially something large, as a monstrosity, you mean that you think it is extremely ugly.
He remains chairman, but wields little power at the company.
If someone wields power, they have it and are able to use it.
Twenty million years ago, Idaho was populated by dense primordial forest.
You use primordial to describe things that belong to a very early time in the history of the world.
Violence was anathema to them.
If something is anathema to you, you strongly dislike it.
Misogyny
Misogyny is a strong dislike of women.
Dr. Samuels immediately disavowed the newspaper story.
If you disavow something, you say that you are not connected with it or responsible for it.
Behind the meteoric rise of both science and empire lurks one particular importance force: capitalism.
use meteoric when you are describing someone’s career, you mean that they achieved success very quickly
If someone lurks somewhere, they wait there secretly so that they cannot be seen, usually because they intend to do something bad.
He was a man of stupendous stamina and energy.
This stupendous novel keeps you gripped to the end.
Something that is stupendous is surprisingly impressive or large.
They’ve been sponsoring the World Cup to the tune of a million and a half pounds.
To the tune of a particular amount of money means to the extent of that amount.
大枚〜の額まで
Impecunious
having very little or no money usually habitually : penniless
