400-500 Flashcards
With what events in the Americas does Stearns equate the abolition of serfdom?
Abolition of Slavery
What was the crowning achievement of early Russian industrialization?
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Who was the economic modernizer of pre-revolutionary Russia?
Count Witte
What strategy did Count Witte pursue to modernize Russia’s economy?
Raised tariffs (import substitution), Improved banking, Attracted foreign investment
What is the term given to the organized persecution and murder of Jews and other minorities that were common in Europe and Russia?
Pogroms
In what ways is Leninism different from Marxism?
Spread of International capitalism (Imperialism) creating a proletariat prior to industrialization; Russia could have a proletarian revolution prior to a bourgeois revolution. Stressed small secret groups rather than large mass movement (survive secret police)
What was the name given to the Russian parliament?
Duma
List two Russian or Eastern European individuals whose intellectual/cultural achievements might be interpreted as Westernization or “Renaissance”
Literature: Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy
Music: Chopin, Liszt, Tchaikovsky
Science: Mendel, Pavlov
List two events that could be cited as examples of growing internationalism in the 19th century.
- International Statistical Congress
- Geneva Convention/Red Cross
- Telegraphic Union and Postal Union
- Crystal Palace Exhibit
- International Socialism
- Olympics
List two weaknesses that Stearns cites in the growing movement of internationalization.
- Heavily reliant on Western Europe and Imperialism
- Rise of Nationalism
What was the name of the document in which the British promised ti support Jewish settlers in Palestine (Israel)?
Balfour Declaration
Which two countries suffered heaviest casualties/losses in WWI?
Germany and Russia
Which empires collapsed and were dismembered in the wake of WWI?
Hapsburg (Austria-Hungary) and Ottoman Empires
Which countries were the big “winners” of WWI?
US and Japan
Which country was relatively unaffected by The Great Depression?
The Soviet Union
Name two authoritarian regimes of the early 20th century and list their respective leaders.
- Germany- Hitler
- Italy- Mussolini
- Soviet Union- Stalin
What diplomatic strategy was discredited at the Munich conference?
Appeasement
Who coined the phrase “iron curtain” to describe the division between free democratic states of Western Europe and the Soviet satellites of Eastern Europe?
Churchhill
Which European city did the Soviet blockade only to be defeated by a massive airlift compaign?
Berlin
List two countries in which Cold War tensions actually erupted into open warfare.
Korea and Vietnam
Stearns talks about ‘yet another period that may extend well into the 21st century.’ What arguments characteristics of this period does he cite?
- US has no rival as military superpower
- Regional conflicts resurface and demand attention, i.e., India and Pakistan, Yugoslavia, central Africa, etc.
- Reassertions of regional identities (clash of civs/saffronization, Islamization- cultural reaction to the West)
- New emphasis on regional and supranational trading blocs, EU, NAFTA, Mercosur, WTO
- General movement towards free market, policies, e.g., China
In the postwar era there was one event in which the US sided with a non-European country against France and Great Britain that proved to be a turning point in the movement towards decolonization. What was this event?
The Suez Crisis
List two critical developments in the postwar European political history between 1950-70.
- Spread if liberal democracy
- Rise of the welfare state
- Decolonization
What was the general trend in European and US politics during the 1980s and which leaders best exemplified this shift?
A shift to the right; conservatism- Thatcher and Reagan
What was the name of the international European economic organization established in 1958?
Common Market; European Economic Community
Who was the author of The Second Sex which outlined a new feminism in the postwar era?
Simone de Beauvoir
Who was the British economist whose theories emphasized the role of government spending to compensate for low demand during the depression?
John Maynard Keynes
What was the name given to the style that became characteristic of 20th century architecture?
International (modern)
List three countries that have experienced major revolutions in large part inspired by the Russian Revolution.
Cuba, China, Nicaragua
What was the name of Lenin’s 1921 economic program that promised considerable freedom of action for small businesses and peasants?
NEP- New Economic Policy
What revolutionary party did Lenin belong to?
Bolshevik
What is the term used to describe the huge industrial combines that formed in Japan during its industrialization?
Zaibatsu
What territories did the Japanese make into colonies in the 1920s and 30s?
Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan
Name two cities on East Asia that maintained special ties with Great Britain after WWII?
Hong Kong and Singapore
What was the term used to describe Japan that suggested close collaboration between business and government?
Japan Incorporated
How would you characterize the governments of South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore in the postwar era until the end of the 1980s?
Authoritarian
Who was the leader of Mexico in the late 19th century?
Porfirio Diaz
What was the term given to the women who fought in the Mexican Revolution?
Soldaderas
What was the name of the resistance movement that arose in the heavily Indian state of Chiapas in the 1990s?
Zapatistas
Who were the two famous revolutionaries of the Mexican Revolution?
Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
What was the American corporation that dominated the economy and politics of several Central American countries including Guatemala?
United Fruit Company
Which Central American country’s elected government was overthrown in the 1950s by a CIA lead “anti-communist” operation?
Guatemala
What was Cuba’s main export crop?
Sugar
Who was the authoritarian leader that Castro overthrew?
Fulgenico Batista
Who was the militant Argentine revolutionary who fought with Fidel Castro?
Che Guevara
What was the name of the movement within the Catholic Church to address issues of social justice in Latin America?
Liberation theology
What was the political trend in terms of types of government in Latin America in the 1960s and 1970s?
Military dictatorships/bureaucratic authoritarianism
In which Central American country did a successful socialist revolution take place in the 1980s?
Nicaragua
What was the term given to conservative governments, often dictatorships in Latin America that were dependent upon and friendly to the US?
Banana republics
What was the name of the policy instituted by Franklin Roosevelt that promised to end military intervention and deal more fully with Latin America?
Good Neighbor Policy
What was the foreign policy that guided the US in its relations with Latin America following WWII?
Containment of Communism
What have been major demographic trends in Latin America over the past 40 years?
Population increase; migration especially urbanization
What is the name of the political party in Indian that led Indians to independence and has governed through most of post-colonial era?
Indian National Congress Party
What was the British government in India referred to as?
Raj
What group or profession came to dominate the nationalist, anti-colonial movements in India and Egypt respectively?
India- Lawyers
Egypt- urban middle class/business and professoins
What was the term for Gandhi’s tactics of non-violence such as peaceful boycotts, strikes, and non-cooperation?
Satyagraha (truth force)
What was the name of the political party formed by Muslims in 1906?
Muslim League
Who was the Jewish French officer who was falsely accused of a crime and whose trial because synonymous with anti-Semitism in Western Europe?
Dreyfus
What was the general pattern of events between European powers and their colonies during and immediately following WWI?
They usually promised them independance and great control over their affairs, but when the time came they did not follow through. Protests by indigenous elites and mass protests took place in many colonies.
List two African American political figures who had a powerful impact on emerging nationalist leaders and ‘pan-Africanism’ in the interwar years.
Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. DuBois
What was the name of the literary movement among French-African intellectuals that celebrated the virtues of African physical and cultural history?
Nergritude
What was the name of the nationalist political party that formed in Egypt?
Wafd party
Who became the leader of the Muslim League in India during WWII?
Muhammed Ali Jinnah
What African country became the first independent black African state in 1957 and who was its leader?
Ghana- Kwame Nkrumah
What was the dominant pattern of decolonization in tropical dependencies in Asia and Africa following WWII?
List Examples
Peaceful withdrawal by stages; India, Ghana, Gold Coast, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Congo
What was the dominant pattern of decolonization in settler colonies in Asia and Africa following WWII? List examples.
Repression and guerilla war; Kenya, Algeria, Southern Rhodesia
What was the term given to the rigid racial segregation practiced in South Africa after 1948?
Apartheid
Which major power administrated the state of Palestine until its partition in 1948?
Great Britain
List two social trends in the post-colonial world that have made economic development and political stability more difficult.
Rising population and urbanization
Peter Stearns lists Corazon Aquino, India Gandhi, and Benazir Bhutto as examples of women who have served as national leaders in the post-colonial era. What point does he make about all of these women that relates to the status in general in post-colonial societies?
They all owed their political success to family connections to powerful male leaders in their countries
What characteristics do the economies of post-colonial societies have?
Exporters of primary products that have declined in price
What is one of the patterns of post-colonial governments that is best exemplified by Kwame Nkrumah?
Charismatic rulers and Authoritarianism
name two post-colonial governments where authoritarian military governments have earned a reputation for brutality and gross violations of human rights.
Uganda, Myanmar, Zaire, Rwanda, North Korea
What political movement was formed by Hasan Al Banna in 1928?
Muslim Brotherhood
What group overthrew the Egyptian government in 1952 and who became the new leader of Egypt?
- Free Officers
- Nasser
Which Middle Eastern state is as an example of one that rejected Western culture in the name of religious revivalism?
Iran
What was the name of the regions within South Africa that were set aside for main ‘tribes’ of black South Africans?
Homelands
Who was the white Afrikaner South African president who pushed for a dismantling of apartheid and freed Nelson Mandela from prison?
F.W. De Klerk
What was the name of the movement formed by students and nationalist politicians who joined together to form a liberal democratic government in China following the end of WWI?
May Fourth Movement
What was the major difference between Marxism as proposed by Marx and the Marxism that was outlined by Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong?
The peasants were to create a revolutionary class
Who is generally considered the ‘father’ of Chinese nationalism?
Sun Yat-sen
What social and economic problem did the Chinese communists offer to the peasantry?
Land reform
What model did the Chinese communists use when choosing a path for economic development?
Stalin’s Five Year Plans and Collectivization
List on major failure and one major success of the Chinese Revolution.
- Cultural Revolution
- Great Leap Forward
