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APWH > #300 to #399 > Flashcards

#300 to #399 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for Russian pioneers or peasant-adventurers who settled much of Central Asia?

A

Cossacks

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2
Q

What was the name of the Russian dynasty that took power in the 17th century and ruled Russia until the Bolsehvik Revolution in 1917?

A

Romanov

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3
Q

What was the name of the new capital city that Peter the Great built on the Baltic Sea?

A

St. Petersburg

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4
Q

List one economic and one cultural feature of the westernization of Russia under Peter the Great.

A

Economic-building metallurgical and mining industries
Cultural-required noble to shave their beards, wear western clothes, education in mathematics and technical subjects, ballet, Christmas trees.

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5
Q

In what ways was Peter the Great’s program of westernization in Russia selective?

A

Did not try to include ordinary people; did not involve them in the technological or intellectual aspects of Westernization, did not try to introduce wage labor, no interest in building an export economy, changes were designed to strengthen the autocratic state, not challenge it.

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6
Q

What large empire became Russia’s chief competitor in the 17th - 18th centuries?

A

The Ottoman Empire

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7
Q

Which country was partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in the 18th century?

A

Poland

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8
Q

Whose reign best marks the height of Russian power in the premodern world?

A

Catherine the Great

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9
Q

Who lead the most famous peasant rebellion in the 18th century Russia?

A

Pugachev

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10
Q

What did Pugachev promise the peasants?

A

End to serfdom, taxation, and military conscription, abolition of the landed aristocracy.

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11
Q

The grants of Indians to individual Spaniards as a labor system were called?

A

Incomiendas

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12
Q

The Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas, y conquistador turned priest became an ardent supporter and conversion of?

A

Indians and an advocate of Indian rights

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13
Q

The man responsible for the conquest of the Aztec empire was?

A

Hernon Cortes

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14
Q

The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1594 divided the world into spheres of influence belonging to?

A

Portugal and Castille (Spain)

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15
Q

What colony became the first major plantation zone, organized to produce a tropical crop in demand in Europe?

A

Brazil

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16
Q

The sociedad de castas divided society according to?

A

Racial origins

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17
Q

Prior to the Mongol invasions of their empire the Abbasid dynasty was dominated by?

A

The Seljuk Turks

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18
Q

The original base of the Ottoman Turks was?

A

Anatolia

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19
Q

The Ottomans conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine empire in?

A

The 15th century (1453)

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20
Q

The slave trades of the Ottomans who were forcibly conscripted as adolescents from conquered territories that were known as?

A

The Janissaries

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21
Q

The head of the Ottoman central bureaucracy was the ?

A

Vizier

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22
Q

What European nation first threatened the Ottoman monopoly of trade with East Africa and India?

A

Portuagal

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23
Q

The center of the Safavid empire was the modern day state of?

A

Iran

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24
Q

The Safavid dynasty has its origins in the 14th century in a family devoted to what variant of Islam?

A

The Shi’a

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25
Q

The founder of the Mughal dynasty was?

A

The Babur

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26
Q

What were two Mughal social reforms aimed at women?

A

Ending the practice of sati, providing relief for women trapped in the home (prudah)

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27
Q

An example of Mughal architecture is embodied in what Indian building?

A

The Taj Mahal

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28
Q

What was the African contribution to the “Columbian Exchange”?

A

slaves

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29
Q

What European nation first established direct contact with black Africa?

A

Portugal

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30
Q

Which of the following African kingdoms was most successfully converted to Christianity?

A

Kongo

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31
Q

In what century did the Atlantic slave trade reach its zenith in terms of numbers of Africans exported?

A

17th

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32
Q

What region in the Americas received more slaves than any other between 1550 and 1850?

A

Brazil

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33
Q

What was the term utilized for the commercial arrangement by which African slaves were shipped to the Americas, sugar and tobacco were carried to Europe, and European manufactured goods were transported to Africa?

A

Triangular trade

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34
Q

Which of the following was a large African state that developed in western Africa during the period of African slave trade?

A

Asante

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35
Q

In 1652 what group established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope?

A

The Dutch East India Company

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36
Q

In 1818 who assumed leadership in the Zulu chiefdom of the Nguni people of southern Africa?

A

Shaka

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37
Q

What was the average mortality for slaves shipped to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade?

A

18-20%

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38
Q

What limited European expansion into the Asian markets during the age of exploration?

A

lack of demand for European goods

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39
Q

What were the main zones of the Asian trading network?

A

South Asian zone, Indian zone, and Chinese zone

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40
Q

What European power eventually came to control the spice trade from southeast Asia?

A

Holland

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41
Q

What area of Asia did the Spanish colonize in the early 16th century?

A

The Phillipines

42
Q

What were the two most important routes that Europeans established with the Asian trading network in the 16th century?

A

Link around Cape of Good Hope and trans-Pacific link from Mexico to the Phillipines

43
Q

What were the most important Portuguese outposts in the Asian trading network?

A

Goa and Malacca

44
Q

What name did the first MIng emperor take for himself?

A

Hong Wu

45
Q

Name two kinds of reforms that the MIng emperor introduced?

A

return of scholar bureaurcrats and the examination system, crack down on corruption at court, public works and agriculture reforms

46
Q

Whose books did Hong Wu have burned because he thought they might be dangerous?

A

Mencius

47
Q

Name two American crops that had a big impact on Ming, China?

A

sweet potato, corn, peanuts

48
Q

What were the only two places where Europeans were allowed to trade with the Chinese?

A

Macao and Canton

49
Q

What was the major innovation in the arts in Ming era?

A

Novel

50
Q

Which of the three Japanese generals whose legacy was the Tokugawa Shogunate used European firearms to defeat his rivals - especially his Buddhist rivals?

A

Nobunaga

51
Q

Which group of Europeans maintained contact with the Japanese and where were they restricted to?

A

Dutch, (Deshima) Nagaski Bay

52
Q

What group of Christians tried to convert the Japanese and who were the most famous of them?

A

The Jesuits, Francis Xavier

53
Q

What theme dominates the 1750-1914 period and what events demarcate its beginning and end?

A

European Imperialism; industrial revolution, and World War 1 (breakdown of western hegemony)

54
Q

What replaced the slave trade in terms of a cheap labor supply?

A

Immigration from Asia and (S&E) Europe

55
Q

List the reactions to growing western military and industrial dominance from 1715 to 1914, and cite the locations where these reactions took place.

A

incorporation into an expanded western civilization, e.g., US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, imitation of western military and economic modernization, but not culture, the resistance and growing weakness-Ottoman, Chinese

56
Q

Peter Stearns divides up the 1750-1914 period into three subperiods. What are they and what theme characterizes each?

A

Late 18th-growing crisis/changes in sex-machinery
1789-1850-experimentation/political revolution
1850-1914- working out of industrialization (maturing)

57
Q

To what does Peter Stearns attribute population revolution (growth) of the late 18th century and what problems did it cause?

A

better border policing and efficient government that reduced movement of diseased animals; improved nutrition-potato,
reduction in social mobility; expansion of businesses, proletarianization, growth in premarital sex, decline in parental authority

58
Q

What is “protoindustrialization”?

A

cottage system/putting out system

59
Q

What became the symbol of the French Revolution, and what was the date of this event?

A

storming of bastille, July 14, 1789

60
Q

The 19th century is sometimes referred to as the century of “isms”. Which “isms” was born in the French Revolution?

A

nationalism

61
Q

In which industry did the industrial revolution begin?

A

cotton textiles

62
Q

What was the key invention of the industrial revolution?

A

Watt’s steam engine

63
Q

List the features of the factory system that differentiated it from earlier forms of labor?

A

separated work from the home
allowed specialization
more explicit rules and discipline

64
Q

Which regions of continental Europe were the first to industrialize?

A

Belgium and France

65
Q

How did the industrial revolution transform the roles and status of women and children?

A

separate sphere for women; education for children

66
Q

In what year did the wave of revolutions spread throughout Europe that sought to introduce more democratic and nationalist forms of government as well as social reforms?

A

1848

67
Q

Define the term, “demographic transition.”

A

Change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

68
Q

To what does Peter Stearns attribute increased life expectancy and lover the infant mortality rates in Europe during the latter half of the 19th century?

A

Better hygiene; discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur and more conscientious sanitary regulations and procedures by doctors.

69
Q

Describe / summarize the changes in the advocates / support for nationalism in the 19th century.

A

Began as a radical political movement; became a conservative movement

70
Q

Name two European countries that achieved national unification in the late 19th century.

A

Germany and Italy

71
Q

List three kinds of reforms or innovations that were introduced in industrial European states in the late 19th century.

A

Civil service examinations; schooling; welfare measures.

72
Q

What new forces made up the political realignment or ‘social questions’ of the late 19th century?

A

socialism and feminism

73
Q

Briefly describe two cultural changes in western societies that Stearns associates with the industrialization and modernization. Please provide specific examples.

A

mass leisure culture-newspapers, comics, popular theater, movies, sports (Olympic games)
growing secularism
advances in scientific culture-medicine, agriculture (fertilizers), Darwin’s theory of evolution, Einstein’s theory of relativity, Freud’s theory of the subconscious
new directions in art-romanticism to impressionism and expressionism

74
Q

What advances did industrialization give to the west?

A

production of goods; military technology

75
Q

What were the two major alliance systems in Western Europe prior to World War 1 and what states belonged to each?

A

Triple alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple entity: Britain, France, Russia

76
Q

Which state’s territories decreased the most in size in the Balkans prior to World War 1?

A

Ottoman Empire

77
Q

What were “men-on-the-spot” and what was their role in the early phase of European imperialism?

A

men who actually ran trading empires in remote locations who made ‘on the spot’ decisions about direct interventions in the affairs of the local political state and empires.

78
Q

What was the strategy that was pursued by European imperialists abroad?

A

divide and conquer

79
Q

Who served as soldiers in the armies of most European trading empires?

A

indigenous/native people

80
Q

What three port cities were the principal trading towns of the early British empire in India?

A

Madras, Bombay, Calcutta

81
Q

What was the trend in interracial relationships between the late 18th and late 19th century?

A

decreasing tolerance/acceptance of interracial relationships; increasing racism

82
Q

Who were the Nabobs?

A

the British representatives of the East India Company who earned a reputation for corruption, bad manner, and conspicuous consumption during their time in India

83
Q

Name two groups in England that lead the struggle for social reforms including the abolition of the slave trade and the exploitation of colonial peoples?

A

Methodists (Evangelical), Utilitarians

84
Q

Why does Stearns consider the reforms the British enacted in India to be a watershed in global history?

A

The European rulers of one of the oldest centers of civilization began to transmit ideas, inventions, modes of organization, and technology to the peoples of the non-western world.

85
Q

Why was western education so valuable to European imperialists?

A

provided inexpensive native administrative class that was used to the enviornment

86
Q

What inventions gave Europeans the decisive edge in wars of colonial conquest in the late 19th century?

A

steam ship, telegraph, railroad, quinine, machine gun, mobile artillery, breech loading rifles

87
Q

List one African and one southeast country that did not become a European colony in the late 19th century.

A

Ethiopia, Siam (Thailand)

88
Q

Peter Stearns places European colonies into categories. List and briefly describe them.

A

Tropical dependencies-small number of Europeans ruled large populations of non-western peoples; extension of earlier patterns established by English, Dutch, and French in India, Java, and Africa settlement colonies. White dominions-large land areas, low population of white settlers who made up most of the population; US, Canada, Australia contested settler colonies-significant populations of Europeans and large indigenous populations who clashed over land rights, resource control, social status, cultural differences; South Africa, New Zealand, Hawaii.

89
Q

Name one popular- non coercive-technique used by Europeans to draw indigenous people into production of goods for a European dominated world economy.

A

impose head and hut taxes that could only be paid with cash crops (or money) offer cheap consumer goods for sale that could only be bought with cash

90
Q

What is the term used to describe the American born European elites in the Spanish American colonies?

A

Crillos (Creoles)

91
Q

According to Stearn four external events had a strong impact on political thought in Latin America. List them.

A

American Revolution; French Revolution, Haitian Revolution; and the French conquest of Spain.

92
Q

Stearn refers to three main theaters of operation for Latin American independence movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. List them and identify their leaders.

A

Mexico-Father Hildalgo/ Augustin de Inturbide
South American and Caribbean- Simon Boliviar and Jose San Martin
Brazil- new capital of the Portuguese empire after Napoleon’s conquest-Dom Joao Vl’s son Pedro- Dom Pedro l, constitutional emperor-only monarchy in South America

93
Q

What is the name given to the independent and charismatic leaders who dominated the political culture of Latin America during the 19th and 20th centuries?

A

Caudillos

94
Q

Which European country was the dominate economic power in Latin America in the early 19th century?

A

Great Britain

95
Q

Who instituted the liberal programs La Reforma into Mexico?

A

Benito Juarez

96
Q

Which two groups resisted liberal reform in Latin America?

A

conservatives and clergy

97
Q

What became the most important export crop in Brazil in the 19th century?

A

coffee

98
Q

What was the last nation in the western hemisphere to abolish slavery?

A

Brazil

99
Q

Name two export products that lead economic boom in the later 19th century, and identify the regions from which they came.

A

bananas, coffee-Central America
copper, silver- New Mexico
wool, wheat, beef- Argentina

100
Q

What are two conflicting theories about economic development that were debated among scholars in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s?

A

modernization theory and dependency theory

APWH (5 decks)

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