4.0 Cells and organelles Flashcards
3 examples when organelles go wrong?
lysosome - niemann-pick
mitochondria - parkinsons disease
Golgi - Duchenne muscular dystrophy
What are all the bits of a nucleus? Function?
Nucleus - contains genetic information
Nucleolus - RNA/ribosome production
Nuclear envelope - constrains content of the nucleus
Nuclear pore - Controls what goes in/out of nucleus
What are all the bits of mitochondria? Function?
Outer membrane - allows compartmentalisation
inner membrane - oxidative phosphorylation occurs
inter-membrane space - allows H+ gradient
cristae - folding of inner-membrane allows large surface area
matrix - Kreb cycle
What are all the organelles in a cell? Function?
Nucleus - command center
Mitochondria - mass production of ATP
Endoplasmic reticulum, smooth - carbohydrate and lipid synthesis, rough - synthesises protein
Golgi - modifies proteins
Cytoplasm - semi-fluid matrix where organelles are
Plasma membrane - 6nm thick, controls what goes in and out - cholesterol controls its fluidity
Cytoskeleton - support and motion
Peroxisomes - detoxification, destroy harmful molecules
Lysosomes - break down macromolecules and ages cells
What are all the constituents of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules - produces spindle fibre for chromosome separation
Intermediate filaments - structural support
Actin filaments - movement and phagocytosis
Cilia - sweeps fluid and movement
Why is mitochondria believed to come from prokaryotes?
Because it can only come from pre-existing mitochondria
It has its own genome - similar to that of prokaryotes (circular no histone)
It does its own protein synthesis - The first amino acid mitochondria transcripts is fMET (like prokaryotes) whereas eukaryotes use MET
What do you need for effective treatment of disease?
Causing agent
How it transmits and source
how it causes damage and what the actual effect on cells is
What are the 5 causes of disease? How it replicates?
viruses - non-living and use host to replicate
bacteria - prokaryote - circular chromosomes no nucleus, divide by binary fission
fungi - eukaryotes, divide by budding, exists as yeast or filamentous forms - mainly affects mucous surfaces
protoza - eukaryotes (unicellular) , binary fission, includes blood and tissue parasites
helminth parasites eukaryotic (multicellular) e.g flatworms and tapeworms and roundworms
How do viruses exit?
Enveloped - budding e.g. HIV
non-enveloped - cytolysis e.g. rhinovirus
What is the method of replication of viruses?
Binding – Fusion – Reverse transcription – Integration – Transcription – Translation – Assembly – Budding – Release
