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CBG Replication,transcription translation > 4-Transcription > Flashcards

4-Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

How many RNAP types do bacteria have?

A

1

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2
Q

How many RNAP types do eukaryotes have?

A

3

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3
Q

How many RNAP types do Archaea have?

A

1

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4
Q

Whats is the Archaea RNAP similar to? Do they have similar TFs?

A

Eukaryote RNAP2, Yes have similar protein to TATABP that is in TF D

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5
Q

what is an apoenzyme?

A

enzyme that requires cofactor but that does not have one bind

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6
Q

What is a Holoenzyme?

A

apoenzyme and it’s cofactor e.g RNAP complex (it is complete and catalytically active and coenzymes are usually tightly not covalently bound with the exception of Iron ions/vitamins)

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7
Q

Where does RNAP bind to?

A

promoter

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8
Q

what is needed to enable transcription initiation?

A

Activation of RNAP

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9
Q

What does elongation lead to?

A

clearing of the promoter which enables the transcription process to begin again

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10
Q

What two levels can transcription be regulated by?

A

a) the promoter level (cis regulation) b) the polymerase level (trans regulation) note:these elements vary in bacteria and eukaryotes

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11
Q

what is needed for bacterial transcription termination?

A

P factor

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12
Q

what are B’B’ subunits in bacterial RNAP involved in?

A

CLAMP (These residues are mobile domains that are part of the “crab claw” structure that swing open and closed, effectively changing the size of the active site channel. )

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13
Q

what is w subunit in bacterial RNAP involved in?

A

stabilising the RNAP

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14
Q

what is B subunit in RNAP in bacteria involved in?

A

B flap traps mRNA

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15
Q

what subunits form active site in bacterial RNAP?

A

BB’

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16
Q

what does alpha subunit in RNAP in bacteria do?

A

binds DNA

17
Q

What does the rudder in RNAP in bacteria do?

A

destabilises RNA/DNA hybrid

18
Q

what are the two main sigma factors in RNAP in bacteria?

A

sigma 70 for general purpose and sigma S for stationary phase

19
Q

what are the 3 types of Eukaryote RNAP and what do they transcribe?

A

RNAP1-rRNA RNAP2-mRNA RNAP3-tRNA

20
Q

what type of RNAs are highly and moderately sensitive to alpha amanitin (an amatoxin)

A

(it is an Inhibitor) RNA polymerase I is insensitive, RNA polymerase II is highly sensitive, RNA polymerase III is moderately sensitive

21
Q

Upon ingestion and uptake by liver cells what does alpha amanitin do?

A

it binds to the RNA polymerase II enzyme, effectively causing cytolysis of hepatocytes (liver cells)

22
Q

How is eukaryotic RNAP different to bacterial RNAP? (2)

A

no sigma unit and possesses c-terminal doman tail (CTD)

23
Q

what does bacterial RNAP require for initiation?

A

sigma factor

24
Q

what does eukaryotic RNAP need for initiation?

A

increase in TFs and several promoters

25
Q

what are the 3 main TFs?

A

TF2B,TF2D,TF2H

26
Q

what is main component of TF2D?

A

TATA Binding protein

27
Q

what does TF2D show some homology to?

A

sigma factor

28
Q

what does BRE stand for?

A

TF2B response element

29
Q

role of TF2H (2)

A

melts DNA and phosphorylates CTD

30
Q

role of TF2D

A

recognise TATA box

31
Q

role of TF2B (2)

A

recognise BRE and positions RNAP2

32
Q

why is elongation in eukaryotes harder?

A

many nucleosomes (need to alter histones)

33
Q

How do you loosen histone binding?

A

1)histone acetyltransferase adds ch3coo to lysines

34
Q

what is polyadenylation?

A

the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA. The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases

35
Q

when does process of polyadenylation begin?

A

begins as the transcription of a gene finishes, or terminates

36
Q

what is poly(A) tail important for? What happens to the tail over time?

A

Nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded

37
Q

what are bacterial RNAP subunits?

A

B’B’,B’B,B,w,2*a,rudder

38
Q

How many RNAP subunits?

A

6

CBG Replication,transcription translation (10 decks)

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