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VPHY 141 > 4: Total Body Water, Body Fluid Compartments, and Disturbances > Flashcards

4: Total Body Water, Body Fluid Compartments, and Disturbances Flashcards

1
Q

how is total body water (%) related to amount of body fat and age

A

TBW are inversely proportional with body fat content and age

TBW also varies among species, age, and nutritional state

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2
Q

give the TBW of male and female animals

A

male: 60%
female: 50%

females are more prone to dehydration

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3
Q

give the TBW (in relation to body weight) of:
newborn animals
lean adult animals
fat adult animals

A

newborn: 80% (declines sharply then gradually
lean adult: 60-70%
fat adult: 40%

!!! more fat, less TBW

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4
Q

the 2 body fluid compartments

A

intracellular fluid (ICF) - water inside the cell, 67% of TBW, 40% of body weight

extracellular fluid (ECF) - water outside the cell, 33% of TBW, 20% of body weight

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5
Q

the 3 divisions of ECF separated by the walls of the vascular system

A

transcellular fluid
plasma
interstitial fluid

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6
Q
  • 3/4 of ECF
  • 15% of body weight
  • fluids of interstitial spaces (b/w the cells and blood vessels)
A

interstitial fluid

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7
Q
  • 1/4 of ECF
  • 5% of body weight
  • fluid portion & non-cellular part of the blood
A

plasma

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8
Q
  • fluids found in specific parts of the body
  • in joints, heart, eye, etc.
  • more examples!!
A

transcellular fluid

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9
Q

plasma has the same composition as interstitial fluid except for ______

A

protein content

why? because proteins are not permeable to capillary membrane pores where plasma is found

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10
Q

capillary membrane pores are highly permeable to almost all solutes except _______

A

proteins

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11
Q

identify where these transcellular fluids are found:
- synovial fluid
- pericardial fluid
- aqueous and vitreous humors
- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- urine
- bile
- fluids in lumen of visceral organs

A

• synovial fluid - joints
• pericardial fluid - pericardial space
• aqueous and vitreous humors - intraocular spaces
• cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - brain ventricles, subarachnoid of SC
• urine - kidney, urinary bladder
• bile - gall bladder
• fluids in lumen of visceral organs - stomach, intestines

see module!!

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12
Q

formula for body fluid measured using injectable substances

A

concentration = (amount of substance injected) / (volume of distribution, Vd)

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13
Q

volume of distribution formula

  • if injected substance is excreted (via sweat or urine) during the time it should distribute itself in the body compartment of interest
A

volume distributed (Vd) = (amount injected - amount excreted) / (concentration after equilibrium)

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14
Q

3 IV (intravenous) substances for measuring TBW

A

heavy H2O - deuterium oxide (D2O)
radioactive H2O - tritium oxide (T2O)
antipyrine - lipid soluble substance

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15
Q

formula for TBW volume

A

TBW = (quantity injected - quantity excreted) / (concentration in compartment, C)

TBW = ICF + ECF

!!see sample problems in module

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16
Q

3 IV substances used in measuring ECF

A

radioactive ions or substance - radioactive Na, Cl, or thiosulfate

inulin - polysaccharide excreted by kidney via urine

thiosulfate

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17
Q

substances diffuses through ECF in __-__ minutes; stays in ECF and do not enter the cells or ICF

A

30-60 minutes

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18
Q

2 IV substances used in measuring plasma

A

radioactive albumin
dyes that binds to plasma proteins - Evan’s Blue or T-1824

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19
Q

where do injected substances for measuring the plasma remain? not penetrate?

A

blood plasma, capillary membrane

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20
Q

formula for ECF volume

A

ECF volume = interstitial fluid + plasma

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21
Q

calculation of interstitial fluid volume

A

interstitial fluid volume = ECF - plasma

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22
Q

formula for ICF

A

ICF volume = TBW - ECF volume

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23
Q

refers to gained H2O vs. H2O loss

A

water balance

!!! total amount of water in the body remains relatively constant from day to day

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24
Q

3 sources of H2O in animals

A

drinking water - 80-90% of total water intake

water in food - 5% of total water intake
- roughages (high H2O content), concentrates (0% water)

metabolic water - 5-10% of total water intake
- from oxidation of carbs, fats, and amino acid

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25
Q

give the water yield during oxidation of the following substrates:
1 g protein
1 g CHO
1 g fats

A

1 g protein - 0.4 mL water
1 g CHO - 0.6 mL water
1 g fats - 1.1 mL water

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26
Q

where does 100% of total water intake of dessert-dwelling animals come from?

A

metabolic water

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27
Q

behavioral and physiologic adjustments of dessert-dwelling animals

A

avoid daily heat load

minimize water loss (stays in burrows during daytime, very dry feces, low urine volume)

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28
Q

2 types of water loss in animals

A

sensible and insensible H2O loss

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29
Q
  • detectable and measurable H2O loss
  • loss of electrolytes
  • via urine (12-20 ml/lb/day, normal) and feces
A

sensible H2O loss

30
Q
  • H2O losses not readily observed and non-measurable
  • e.g., sweat and respiratory gases (10-15 ml/lb/day) (hypotonic loss)
A

nonsensible H2O loss

31
Q

2 causes of increase in sensible water loss

A

vomiting, diarrhea

32
Q

4 causes of increase in insensible H2O loss

A

high environmental temperature
hyperactivity
fever
hyperventilation

33
Q

normal urine volume of animals (mL/kg body weight per day)
- cats
- dog
- cattle
- goat
- horse
- sheep
- pig

A
  • cats: 10-20
  • dog: 20 - 100
  • cattle: 17 - 45
  • goat: 10 - 40
  • horse: 3 - 18
  • sheep: 10 - 40
  • pig: 5 - 30
34
Q

compare the water loss thru feces in dogs, cats, sheep, and cattle

A

dog and cat: lower water loss
sheep and cattle: higher water loss

35
Q

compare the water content of inspired (inhaled) and expired (exhaled) air by animals

A

inspired: lower water content
expired: higher water content

why? air is warmed & saturated with H2O before expiration

!!! increased expiration, increased water loss

36
Q

what happens to the amount of expired air when animals are exposed to hot environement?

A

it increases

37
Q

how is water lost from the skin surface

A

evaporation as water diffuse through the skin surface from the blood vessels and body fluids

38
Q

how is water lost in the skin surface in horses, cats, and dogs?

A

horses: sweating

cats: high amounts of saliva spread over the body surface via grooming or licking

dogs: panting

cats and dogs have no sweat glands

39
Q

3 causes of pathologic water loss

A

vomiting
diarrhea
hemorrhage

40
Q

give the daily water balance in non-lactating and lactating cow (total water intake and loss)

A

non-lactating cow:
total water intake: 29 L
total water loss: 29 L

lactating cow:
total water intake: 56 L
total water loss: 56 L

41
Q

2 types of solutes in different body fluid compartments

A

inorganic molecules
organic molecules

42
Q

ions that carry an electric charge

A

inorganic molecules

43
Q
  • ions in solution
  • constitutes 90-95% of solutes in the body fluids
A

electrolytes (cations or anions)

44
Q

2 types of cations

A

monovalent cations
divalent cations

45
Q
  • 1 positive charge
  • e.g., Na+ (65-70% exchangeable), K+ (all exchangeable)
A

monovalent cations

exchangeable - can pass through the membrane

46
Q
  • 2 positive charges
  • e.g., Mg2+ (in bones or unexchangeable), Ca2+ (98-99% in bones, teeth; 1-2% exchangeable)
A

divalent cations

47
Q

give 5 chief anions of the body fluids

A

Cl-
HCO3-
Phosphates (HPO4-, H2PO4)
Organic phosphates
Polyvalent proteins (negatively charged proteins)

48
Q
  • tendency for the ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient is balanced by an electrical potential that develops across the membrane
  • concentration of cations & anions are equal to each other, ELECTRONEUTRALITY is preserved
A

Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium

49
Q

give the total cations and anions in the different body fluid compartments (mEq/L):
- plasma
- interstitial fluid
- intracellular fluid

A
  • plasma: 153 both
  • interstitial fluid: 156 both
  • intracellular fluid: 198 both
50
Q

give the total mOsm/L of:
- plasma
- interstitial fluid
- intracellular fluid

A

plasma: 301.8
interstitial fluid: 300.8
intracellular fluid: 301.8

51
Q

Concentration of diffusible cations is (greater/lesser)______ in the solution that contains the non-permeable anions or particles.

A

greater

52
Q

Concentration of diffusible anions is (greater/lesser)______ in the solution without the non-permeable anions or particles.

A

greater

53
Q

The side of membrane facing the solution with the non-diffusible anions is ________ charged compared to the other side of the membrane

A

negatively

54
Q

formula for the concentrations of diffusible ions on either side of the membrane

A

(Na+)1 * (Cl-)1 = (Na+)2 * (Cl-)2

55
Q

2 major cations in ECF

A

Na+, Ca2+

56
Q

2 major anions in ECF

A

Cl-, HCO3-

57
Q

2 major cations on ICF

A

K+, Mg2+

58
Q

3 major anions in ICF:

A

H2PO2 -, HPO4 -, charged proteins

59
Q

substances that do not dissociate & are uncharged

A

organic molecules or non-electrolytes

60
Q

5 examples of organic molecules/non-electrolytes

A

amino acids
ATP
glucose
lactate
urea

61
Q
  • volume contraction
  • loss of water and or loss of Na (decrease in ECF volume)
A

dehydration

62
Q

type of dehydration: proportional reduction on ECF and ICF volume

A

simple H2O deficit

63
Q

type of dehydration: reduction in ECF volume

A

NaCl deficit

64
Q

3 types of dehydration

A

isoosmotic
hyperosmotic
hypoosmotic

65
Q

describe the changes during isoosmotic dehydration
- ICF volume
- ECF volume
- ICF osmolality
- ECF osmolality

+ etiology

A
  • no change in ICF volume
  • !!! decreased ECF VOLUME !!!
  • no change in ICF osmolality
  • no change in ECF osmolality
  • etiology: burns, hemorrhage, GIT fluid loss from vomiting and diarrhea

(see module for visual aid)

66
Q

describe the changes during hyperosmotic dehydration
- ICF volume
- ECF volume
- ICF osmolality
- ECF osmolality

+ etiology

A
  • decreased ICF volume
  • decreased ECF volume
  • increased ICF osmolality
  • increased ECF osmolality
  • etiology: low water intake, excess evaporation from skin, breathe

(see module for visual aid)

67
Q

describe the changes during hypoosmotic dehydration
- ICF volume
- ECF volume
- ICF osmolality
- ECF osmolality

+ etiology

A
  • !!! increased ICF volume !!!
  • decreased ECF volume
  • decreased ICF osmolality
  • decreased ECF osmolality
  • etiology: loss of hypotonic sweat, high renal loss due to adrenal problems
68
Q
  • volume expansion
  • gain of water and/or Na (increase in ECF volume)
A

overhydration

69
Q

3 types of overhydration

A

isoosmotic
hyperosmotic
hypoosmotic

70
Q

describe the changes during isoosmotic overhydration
- ICF volume
- ECF volume
- ICF osmolality
- ECF osmolality

+ etiology

A

isoosmotic overhydration

  • no change in ICF volume
  • !!! increased ECF volume !!!
  • no change in ICF osmolality
  • no change in ECF osmolality
  • etiology: excess oral or parenteral of isotonic fluids,
    edema

(see module for visual aid)

71
Q

describe the changes during hyperosmotic overhydration
- ICF volume
- ECF volume
- ICF osmolality
- ECF osmolality

+ etiology

A
  • decreased ICF volume
  • increased ECF volume
  • increased ICF osmolality
  • increased ECF osmolality
  • etiology: excess salt intake, IV infusion of NaCl solution

(see module for visual aid)

72
Q

describe the changes during hypoosmotic overhydration
- ICF volume
- ECF volume
- ICF osmolality
- ECF osmolality

+ etiology

A
  • increased ICF volume
  • increased ECF volume
  • decreased ICF osmolality
  • decreased ECF osmolality
  • etiology: excess water intake, water retention in kidneys

(see module for visual aid)

VPHY 141 (5 decks)

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