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VPHY 141 > 1: Cell Physiology > Flashcards

1: Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Common shared features of cells

A

size, shape, and structure

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2
Q

functional unit of the body

A

organ

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3
Q

feature of a prokaryote

A

lacks nucleus and some organelles

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4
Q

feature of a eukaryote

A

nucleus separated by nuclear membrane

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5
Q

composition of cilia

A

tubular proteins

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6
Q

what allows cilia or flagella to move, bend

A

sliding of microtubules

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7
Q

give two examples where cilia is found

A

upper respiratory tract (to trap and remove dust, mucus, and secretions)

fallopian tube (to assist the egg through the oviduct) and epididymis in males

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8
Q

living components of the cell

A

organelles

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9
Q

identify the similarities in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

see module

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10
Q

identify the differences

A

see module

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11
Q

list the nonmembrane-bound organelles (4)

A

ribosomes, microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

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12
Q

list the membrane-bound organelles (6)

A

nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, perixosomes, and golgi apparatus

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13
Q

two components of the cell

A

cytoplasm and nucleus

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14
Q

information and administrative center of the cell

A

nucleus

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15
Q

gelatinous solution containing the organelles

A

cytoplasm

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16
Q

the fluid part of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

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17
Q

refers to substances that make up the cell

A

protoplasm

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18
Q

composition of the cell

A

70-85% water
10-20% protein
1-2% carbohydrates

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19
Q

water

A

70-85% of the inner cell mass
principal fluid medium of the cell

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20
Q

functions of water (5)

A
  • solvent for ions and macromolecules
  • as chemical reactant (hyrdrolysis)
  • medium for transport (blood, bile, urine, milk)
  • as lubricant in joints
  • regulates body temperature
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21
Q

inorganic substances needed for cellular reactions

A

electrolytes

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22
Q

most important electrolytes in the cell (8)

A

K, Cl, Ca, PO4, Mg, HCO3, Na, SO4

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23
Q

two types of proteins in the cell according to structure

A

structural protein -linear proteins like cytoskeleton proteins (microtubule, microfilaments, intermediate filaments)

globular protein - like enzymes

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24
Q

structural proteins diagram

A

see module

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25
Q

2 types of proteins in the cell according to composition

A

simple proteins - albumins, globulins (in blood), protamines, histones, albuminoids (in cells of tissues)
- composed of amino acids

conjugated proteins - glycoproteins, lipoproteins, nucleoproteins, chromoproteins (ions), metalloproteins, and phosphoproteins
- with non-amino acid components

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26
Q

describe lipids
- mass in the cell:
- composition:
- function:

A

2% of the inner cell mass

consist primarily of C, H, O2

  • forms cell and intracellular membranes that separate the different cell compartments
  • animal cells have cholesterol (stores in the blood and liver)
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27
Q

carbohydrates

  • mass in the cell:
  • types of carbs
A

1% of the inner cell mass

a. monosaccharides - glucose, galactose, fructose
b. disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, maltose
c. polysaccharide - glycogen

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28
Q

stored insoluble form of glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle cells

A

glycogen

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29
Q

describe the nucleus
- relative size
- parts

A
  • largest single organelle
  • nuclear membrane, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, chromatin
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30
Q

bilayered membrane with gaps called nuclear pores that allow the transport of ions and small molecules like mRNA in and out of the nucleus

A

nuclear membrane/envelope

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31
Q

soluble liquid form of nuclear material not occupied by nucleolus or chromatin

A

nucleoplasm

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32
Q
  • 1-4 RNA-containing bodies in the nucleus
  • site of ribosome synthesis!!!
  • produces rRNA (and packaged with proteins to form ribosomal subunits and exported to the cytosol via the nuclear pore complexes)
A

nucleolus

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33
Q

carries DNA and occur sin pairs except in germ cells

A

chromatin

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34
Q

two types of chromatin and their differences

A

a. heterochromatin - condensed or clumped, metabolically active

b. euchromatin - dispersed, singly, and replicating

35
Q
  • site of key biochemical processes for ATP production in the cell
  • double membrane with inner membrane folded to form the CRISTAE
  • site of Kreb’s or TCA Cycle and Cellular respiration (ETS - electron transport system)
A

mitochondria

36
Q

cells that lack the mitochondria

A

RBCs

37
Q

describe the mitochondrial matrix

A
  • dense with DNA (smaller than those in the nucleus), large phosphate granules and ribosomes that are smaller than cytoplasmic ribosomes
  • contains enzymes for the Kreb cycle and beta oxidation of fats (usually in liver cells)
38
Q

inner membrane of the mitochondria

A
  • has enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation
  • electron carriers for the ETS
  • has the F1 factor or ATP synthase during cellular respiration
39
Q

outer membrane

A
  • outer covering of the mitochondria
40
Q

small, spherical membrane-bound organelles

A

vesicles

41
Q

3 types of vesicles

A

a. lysosomes
b. peroxisomes
c. secretory vesicles

42
Q

describe the lysosomes
- function
- condition to work

A
  • suicide bag of the cell
  • digests food vacuoles or degenerating organelles of the cell through 40 hydrolytic or digestive enzymes
  • enzymes thrive in acidic medium (pH 3.5-5.0) (more H ions) (note: cytoplasm has neutral pH)
  • lysosomal membrane protects the cell from the enzymes
43
Q

where are lysosomes formed?

A

golgi apparatus

44
Q

4 lysosomal enzymes

A

lipase, carbohydrases, proteases, nucleases

45
Q

lysosomal enzymes engluls (endocytosis) and cause autolysis of:

A

a. degenerating components - autophagic vacuole

b. bacteria or foreign substances - phagocytic vacuole

46
Q

other functions of lysosomes

A

a. destroy RBC and dead cells
b. dissolution of blood clots and thrombi
c. keratinization of skin
d. secretes hydrolases by sperm for penetration of ovum
e. digestion of yolk
f. bone resorption
g. defense against invading organisms by circulation macrophages (heterophagy)

47
Q

small membrane-bound vesicle containing oxidative enzymes for very long chain fatty acids
- generation and destruction of hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

48
Q

3 peroxisomal enzymes

A

a. catalase - for oxidation (production of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, which can cause cell death) and peroxidation reactions (destruction of hydrogen peroxide with the formation of water)
b. urate oxidase
c. D-amino oxidase

oxidation: RH2 + O2 = R = H2O2
peroxidation: H2O2 + R’H2 = R + 2H2O

!!! oxidation: generation of hydrogen peroxide
peroxidation: destruction of hydrogen peroxide

49
Q
  • vesicles that store secretions
  • site formation: ER-Golgi apparatus system
A

secretory vesicles

50
Q

how are secretory vesicles released outside the cell

A

exocytosis

51
Q

complex series of tubules in the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

52
Q
  • site of protein synthesis for extracellular use like hormones
  • continuous with the outer nuclear membrane because this is where mRNA goes for translation
  • more extensive
A

RER or Granular ER

53
Q
  • round tubules, lacks ribosomes
  • site of lipid synthesis!!!
  • site of processing synthesized proteins and detoxification of foreign substances
A

smooth ER or Agranular ER

54
Q

describe ribosomes
- function
- site of synthesis
- composition
- sub-units

A
  • site of protein synthesis
  • site of synthesis: nucleolus
  • 65% RNA and 35% protein
  • prokaryotes: 50s, 30s ; eukaryotes: 60s, 40s
55
Q

2 types of ribosomes in the cell and their description

A

a. free ribosomes - in cytoplasm, linked together in chains or polysomes, site of protein synthesis for intracellular use (hemoglobin etc.)

b. bound ribosomes - attached to ER, singly, site of protein synthesis for extracellular use ( e.g., hormones)

56
Q
  • stacks of 5-8 membrane-enclosed sacs called “cisterns”
  • produces lysosomes
  • processing of macromolecules from SER
A

golgi apparatus

57
Q

parts of the polarized structure of golgi apparatus

A

a. cis face - forming phase, transport vesicles are formed from ER, where immature protein enters

b. trans face - maturing phase, where secretory granules are formed and mature proteins exits

58
Q

components of the cytoskeleton

A

a. microtubules - largest
b. intermediate filaments - medium
c. microfilaments - smallest

in prokaryotes: actin, flagellin, tubulin

59
Q

describe microtubules
- morphology and composition
- distribution
- arrangement

A
  • long, hollow structure made up of alpha and beta tubulin subunits
  • from centrioles and distributed in the cytoplasm
  • arranged in singly, doubly (cilia and flagella), and triplet (centrioles and basal bodies)
60
Q

list the functions of microtubules

A

a. mechanical and structural function
b. placement and movement of organelles (prevents them from bumping and therefore, from damage)
c. cell division (mitotic spindle)
d. main component of cilia and flagella
e. cellular motility or movement
f. transport macromolecules within the cell

61
Q
  • site of microtubule production
  • made up of 9 sets of triplet microtubules that are radially arranged (27 all)
  • near the nucleus
A

centrosome

62
Q

composition of centrosome

A

centrioles and amorphous pericentriolar material

63
Q
  • long projections at the cell apex
  • transport materials along cell surface
A

cilia

64
Q

two types of cilia

A

a. kenocilia - true cilia, motile
b. stereocilia

65
Q
  • short projections
  • for motility of sperm as its tail
A

flagella

66
Q
  • most abundant and stable component of the cytoskeleton
  • most important filamentous component in the matrix of the cytoplasm
  • impt to nuclear membrane and cell membrane
A

intermediate filaments

67
Q

major mammalian intermediate filament proteins

A

see module

68
Q

functions of intermediate filaments

A

a. bears tensions on tissues (mechanical strength)
b. anchors cytoplasmic organelles

69
Q
  • at the periphery and apex of cells
  • solid rod made of globular proteins called actin (nonmuscle cells) and myosin (muscle cells)
A

microfilaments

70
Q

2 types of microfilaments in nonmuscle tissues

A

a. G-actin monomer
b. F-actin monomer

71
Q

functions of microfilaments

A

a. mechanical and structural support
b. formation of cytoplasmic protuberances
c. cytokinesis
d. muscular contraction!!

72
Q
  • semi-permeable lipid bilayer containing proteins and CHO (carbs) that surrounds the cell
A

cell membrane

73
Q

functions of the cell membrane

A

a. transport of substances
b. protection
c. enzymatic activity
d. intercellular communication and recognition
e. coordination of extracellular changes

74
Q

components of cell membrane

A

55% protein
42% lipids
3% carbohydrates

75
Q

3 components of cell membrane lipids

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

see module for full content

76
Q

what does the hydrophylic end do in the cell membrane?

A
  • exposed to the aqueous environment that bathes the cell exterior and cytoplasm
77
Q

what does the hydrophobic end do in the cell membrane?

A
  • meets the water poor interior of the cell
  • important in preventing escape of most of the water soluble substance in the cytoplasm

see module for diagram

78
Q

what maintains the fluidity of the cell membrane especially at low temperatures?

A

cholesterol in the CM phospholipids

79
Q

sugar containing lipids located in the outer CM

A

glycolipids

80
Q

explain the importance of CM fluidity

A

important for the CM to function effectively in the entry or exit of substances

81
Q

factors maintaining CM fluidity

A

a. presence of cholesterol among CM phospholipids
b. increase in unsaturation of fatty acid during low environmental temperature (increases the kinks in CM)
c. movement of CM phospholipids (lateral shift, transverse, and longitudinal)

82
Q

extensive cell coat found on special surfaces

A

glycocalyx

83
Q
  • responsible for the functional behavior of the CM
A

CM proteins

84
Q

2 types of CM proteins

A

a. intrinsic proteins - integral, penetrating, or transmembrane protein
- alpha-helix protein

b. extrinsic proteins - loosely bound, peripheral or surface-located protein
- can form glycoprotein with CHO

VPHY 141 (5 decks)

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