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Geo > 4) The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape > Flashcards

4) The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

What is the longest river in the UK?

A

The longest river in the UK is the River Severn (354km)

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2
Q

Where are the upland areas of the UK?

A

The upland areas of the UK are Scotland, the Lake District, and the Pennines in the north and north-west of the UK

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3
Q

What are UK upland areas used for?

A

Sheep Farming
Tourism
Paper-making

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4
Q

Where are the lowland areas of the UK?

A

The lowland areas are the south and east of the UK- Norwhich and East Anglia

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5
Q

What are the UK lowland areas used for?

A

Farming as the soil is very soft and fertile

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6
Q

What is the largest city in the UK?

A

London is the largest city in the UK with a population of 9.3 million (2020)

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7
Q

Where are large cities often located?

A

Large cities are often located near a water source in lowland areas

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8
Q

What are the UK’s 3 main rock types?

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

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9
Q

How do igneous rocks form?

A

Igneous rocks form when magma from the Earth’s mantle cools and hardens

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10
Q

Where are igneous rocks located in the UK?

A

Highland areas

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11
Q

How do sedimentary rocks form?

A

Sedimentary rocks form when layers of sediment are compacted together

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12
Q

What are the 3 main types of sedimentary rock in the Uk?

A

Carboniferous Limestone
Chalk
Clay

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13
Q

How do metamorphic rocks form?

A

Metamorphic rocks form when heat and pressure causes rocks to become harder and more compact

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14
Q

Where are metamorphic rocks located in the UK?

A

Mountainous Regions

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15
Q

Where are sedimentary rocks located in the UK?

A

Near sources of water

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16
Q

When was the UK in the tropics?

A

300 million years ago

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17
Q

What did the UK being in the tropics cause?

A

Carboniferous limestone formed in the warm and shallow seas as sea levels were higher

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18
Q

When did active volcanoes erupt onto the UK?

A

500 million years ago

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19
Q

What formed the Scottish Highlands and Lake District’s mountain ranges?

A

Plate collisions generating hard metamorphic rocks

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20
Q

What are characteristics of slate and schist?

A

Slate is hard and resistant
Slate can easily be split into small slabs as it forms layers

Schist is made up of bigger crystals which form waterlogged upland landscapes with acidic soil

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of granite?

A

Very hard and resistant
Lots of unevenly spread joints
Impermeable
Moorlands often created on top

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of chalk and clay?

A 
Chalk is harder than clay
Chalk is permeable and forms cliffs
Clay is easily eroded
Clay forms wide and flat valleys
Clay is impermeable
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23
Q

What are characteristics of carboniferous limestone?

A

Heavily affected by carbonation weathering
Permeable

24
Q

What is erosion?

A

The wearing down of rocks as a result of being picked up and moved elsewhere

25
Q

What are some slope processes?

A

Mass movement

Soil creep

26
Q

What is weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks where they are

27
Q

What is meant by climatological processes?

A

The climate effects how physical processes happen and interact e.g. freeze-thaw weathering at below 0 C

28
Q

What are the physical landscape processes?

A 
Weathering
Erosion
Post-glacial processes
Slope processes
Climatological processes
29
Q

What are human landscape processes?

A

Agriculture
Forestry
Settlement

30
Q

How has agriculture affected the UK’s landscape?

A

Forests have been cleared to make space
Walls have been installed to mark field boundaries
Drainage ditches have been installed

31
Q

How has forestry affected the UK’s landscape?

A

Deciduous woodland replaced by coniferous forests for timber

32
Q

What biome did the UK use to mainly be?

A

Deciduous woodland

33
Q

How has settlement affected the UK’s landscape?

A

Good water supplies, shelter, bridging points have been built
Drainage patterns have been affected by concrete
Some rivers diverted

34
Q

What are the types of weathering?

A

Chemical
Mechanical
Biological

35
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Living organisms breaking down rocks

36
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Freeze-thaw weathering

Physical erosion with the chemical composition of rock staying the same

37
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

When the chemical composition of the rock changes due to external factors

38
Q

What are examples of chemical weathering?

A

Carbonic dioxide can dissolve rain to create ‘carbonic acid’

This acid in rainfall hits rocks and dissolves parts of calcium carbonate

39
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Large movements of soil and rock down a slope or hill

40
Q

What are examples of mass movement?

A

Rockfalls
Slumps
Slides

41
Q

What are rockfalls?

A

When the cliff materials break and crumble down the cliff

42
Q

What are slumps?

A

When material moves down a slope at a curve

43
Q

What are slides?

A

When material moves down a slope in a straight line

44
Q

What causes mass movements?

A

Weathering
Erosion
Gravity

45
Q

What are the 2 types of wave?

A

Constructive

Destructive

46
Q

What are constructive waves?

A

Short waves which deposit material onto coastlines

47
Q

Describe constructive wave’s swash and backwash?

A

Strong swash

Weak backwash

48
Q

Describe constructive wave’s frequency?

A

Low (7-10) per minute

49
Q

What are destructuve waves?

A

Taller waves which cause erosion on coastlines

50
Q

Describe destructive wave’s swash and backwash?

A

Weak swash

Strong backwash

51
Q

Describe destructive wave’s frequency?

A

High (10-15) per minute

52
Q

What is deposition?

A

Depositing solid material from water onto land

53
Q

How do destructive waves erode the coast?

A

Hydraulic power
Abrasion
Attrition

54
Q

What is hydraulic power?

A

The force of a wave hitting a rock

55
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When material and rock carried by water damages the coastal rock

56
Q

What is attrition?

A

The bedload colliding with itself

Geo (2 decks)

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