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Physics > 4-Testing Materials > Flashcards

4-Testing Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main classes of materials?

A

Ceramics, polymers and metals

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2
Q

What are the main mechanical properties of ceramics?

A

-Hard, brittle and stiff

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3
Q

What are metals that can be shaped easily called?

A

Malleable

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4
Q

What property do pure metals tend to have?

A

Being soft

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5
Q

What are metals that can be drawn into wires called?

A

Ductile

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6
Q

What are synthetic materials examples of?

A

Polymers

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7
Q

What does hard mean?

A

Difficult to scratch

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8
Q

What does brittle mean?

A

The material will shatter into several pieces

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9
Q

What does stiff mean?

A

The material is difficult to stretch or bend

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10
Q

What does malleble mean?

A

The material can be shaped easily

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11
Q

What does ductile mean?

A

The metal can be drawn into wires

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12
Q

What does tough mean?

A

The material can undergo considerable deformation and can absorb more energy before breaking

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13
Q

When choosing a material, what are the 3 main factors you must consider?

A
  • Mechanical properties of the material
  • The cost
  • The look of the finished product
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14
Q

What is Hooke’s law?

A

For small extensions

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15
Q

What is the equation for Hooke’s law?

A

F=kx

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16
Q

How do you calculate k in Hooke’s law equation?

A

Force/extension

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17
Q

If the force is 7N and the extension is 0.10m, what is the value of k?

A

70N/m

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18
Q

What does the spring constant value show you?

A

How stiff the specimen is

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19
Q

If you apply Hooke’s law to compression, what does that mean?

A

Squashing the springs rather than extending them

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20
Q

If you stretch a spring too far, what will occur?

A

It will not return to its original length when you let it go

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21
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

When a wire returns to its original length after being stretched.

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22
Q

What is plastic deformation?

A

When extension exceeds the elastic limit

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23
Q

Is the plastic region of a graph linear or non-linear?

A

Non-linear

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24
Q

What does fracture mean?

A

Breaks

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25
Q

When do force extension graphs become non-linear?

A

At the elastic limit

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26
Q

What is the fracture point?

A

Where the wire fractures

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27
Q

What is the relationship between how hard you pull the string and the energy stored in it?

A

The harder you pull on it, the more energy is stored in it

28
Q

What is the equation for energy stored in a spring?

A

Kx*2 / 2

29
Q

What is the force required to stretch a spring by x?

A

kx if the force is proportional to the extension

30
Q

When a body deforms elastically, what is the energy stored equal to?

A

The energy transferred stretching the spring

31
Q

How can the energy transferred stretching a material be found?

A

The area under the line

32
Q

What is stress?

A

Force per unit area

33
Q

What is fracture stress?

A

The stress at which a material breaks

34
Q

How is stress found?

A

Measuring the cross sectional area of the specimen, measuring the force on the specimen, and dividing the force by the area.

35
Q

What is the yield stress of a material?

A

The stress at which the material begins to plastic ally deform and become permanently deformed.

36
Q

What is the breaking stress?

A

The stress which breaks a material

37
Q

What are the units of stress?

A

N/m*2 or Pa

38
Q

What is the equation for stress?

A

Stress=Force/area

39
Q

What is the force measured in?

A

N

40
Q

What is the cross-sectional area measured in?

A

M*2

41
Q

What is the strain?

A

The fractional increase in length

42
Q

What is the equation for strain?

A

Extension / Original length

43
Q

Why is there no units for strain?

A

Because the extension and original length are both measured in m.

44
Q

What is 18% stress as a decimal?

A

0.18

45
Q

Do tough materials have rounded edges on fracturing or sharp edges?

A

Rounded edges as they undergo considerable plastic deformation before fracture.

46
Q

Do brittle materials have rounded edges on fracturing or sharp edges?

A

Sharp edges as they have little plastic deformation before fracture.

47
Q

What is the Young Modulus a measure of?

A

The stiffness of a material.

48
Q

What is the unit of Young Modulus?

A

E

49
Q

Is the Young Modulus a measurement of the stiffness of the material or of a specimen?

A

The stiffness of the material as a whole

50
Q

What is the equation of Young Modulus?

A

Stress / Strain

51
Q

What is the second equation of Young Modulus?

A

(Force X length) / (Extension X area)

52
Q

What are the 2 units of Young Modulus?

A

N/m*2 and Pa

53
Q

What is strain proportional to?

A

Stress

54
Q

How do you calculate percentage uncertainty?

A

(Uncertainty in measurement / measure value) x 100

55
Q

What does the gradient of the stress-strain graph give you?

A

The Young Modulus

56
Q

How do you measure the diameter of a wire?

A

By using a micrometer

57
Q

What is the surgeon’s scalpel made from?

A

A steel that is strong, hard and non-corrosive.

58
Q

What are clothes made from?

A

Natural or synthetic polymers which stretch to fit around your body.

59
Q

When is a material in tension?

A

When a force is acting in a direction to stretch the material.

60
Q

What is a compressive force?

A

A force which tends to compress or squash the material

61
Q

What is the equation of density?

A

Mass / Volume

62
Q

What do material selection charts allow to happen?

A

Quick comparisons to be made between different classes of materials.

63
Q

Name 4 properties to consider when choosing a material?

A
  • Density
  • Toughness
  • Cost
  • Availibility
64
Q

What do YM density graphs show about polymers?

A

Polymers have a wide range of stiffness values and a narrower range of densities

65
Q

What do stength tougness graphs show about polymers?

A

They have a wide range of toughness.

66
Q

What is 1Mpa?

A

1000000Pa

67
Q

What is 1GPa?

A

1000000000Pa

Physics (22 decks)

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