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Biology Fundamentals > 4. Systems to Cells > Flashcards

4. Systems to Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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2
Q

What do we need energy for?

A 
Cell growth and Division
Building new molecules/replacing old ones
Movement
Breathing
Thinking
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3
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

By substrate-level oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

By the removal of the end phosphate group by hydrolysis.

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5
Q

What is Hyperglycemia?

A

High blood glucose.

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6
Q

What is Hypoglycemia?

A

Low blood glucose.

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7
Q

What does Insulin do?

A

Stimulates glucose uptake from the blood. Promotes storage of this glucose by turning it to glycogen when there is too much. Lowers blood glucose levels.

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8
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

Stimulates glycogen breakdown. Raises blood glucose levels.

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9
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non carbohydrate substrates such as lactate or amino acids.

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10
Q

What does is mean when enzymes are regulated reciprocally?

A

When one is active, the other is not.

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11
Q

How does Protein Kinase A regulate glucose metabolism?

A

Adds a phosphate group to Glycogen synthase b turning it off and to Glycogen phosphorylase a turning it on.

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12
Q

How does Insulin regulate glucose metabolism?

A

Takes a phosphate group from Glycogen synthase b, turning it on and from Glycogen Phosphorylase a, turning it off.

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13
Q

What benefit comes from membrane compartmentalisation?

A

Specificity in cells.

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14
Q

How do macro-molecules move between different organelles?

A

Vesicular Traffic.

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15
Q

How is communication between membrane bound compartments mediated?

A

By vesicular transport.

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16
Q

Where does insulin fold?

A

Only in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

17
Q

What is amplification in insulin signalling?

A

A single molecule of insulin activates a kinase that can phosphorylate many target molecules.

18
Q

What is type-1 diabetes?

A

When your body cannot produce enough insulin to deal with blood glucose levels.

19
Q

What is type-2 diabetes?

A

When your body builds a resistance to insulin, making it harder to deal with blood glucose levels.

20
Q

What pathways can insulin activate?

A

Glycogen metabolism
Glucose transport
Gene expression
Amplification

21
Q

What does Endocrine mean?

A

Endocrine glands secrete hormones (or other products) directly into the blood.

22
Q

What does Paracrine mean?

A

A paracrine hormone has effect in the vicinity of the gland secreting it.

23
Q

What does Autocrine mean?

A

A cell-produced substances that has an effect on the cell by which it is secreted.

24
Q

What is the role of Leptin?

A

To regulated food intake.

25
Q

What are Neuroendocrine Cells?

A

Cells that receive neuronal input, and then release hormones to the blood.

26
Q

What are Enteroendocrine Cells?

A

They form the basis of the largest endocrine system in the body (the digestive tract).

27
Q

What is the Principle of Segregation?

A

Two allels segregate from each other in the formation of gametes. half the gametes carry one allele and the other half carry the other allele.

28
Q

What is the Principle of Independent Assortment?

A

The probability of inheriting an allele at one locus is independent of the probability of inheriting an allele at a second locus.

29
Q

What is a Dihybrid Cross?

A

A mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits. (AA) (BB)

30
Q

What is Homologous Recombination?

A

The same allels on different chromosomes swap over during Meosis I.

31
Q

What is a Parental Chromosome?

A

The combination of alleles inherited from a parent without any recombination.

32
Q

What is a Recombinant Chromosome?

A

A different combination of alleles than that possessed by a parent.

33
Q

What is the equation for Recombination Frequency?

A

(no. recombinants / total no. chromosomes) x100

34
Q

What is Linkage?

A

Alleles of nearby loci tend to be inherited together.

35
Q

What is a Haplotype?

A

A group of genes that was inherited together from a single parent?

Biology Fundamentals (7 decks)

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