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Biology Fundamentals > 2. Genomes to Ecosystems > Flashcards

2. Genomes to Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

Give some example of environmental stressors.

A

CO2 emissions and climate change.
Ozone depletion
Deforestation
Over-fishing

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2
Q

What is Homology?

A

A state of similarity in structure and anatomical position (but not necessarily in function) between organisms.

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3
Q

What does homology indicate?

A

A common ancestry or relatedness.

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4
Q

What do phylogenetic trees show?

A

Sharing of a common ancestor.

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5
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The theory that individuals less suited to an environment are less likely to survive and pass on their genes, this is the basis of evolution.

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6
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A

Phenotypic variation lost from population. Mean trait value stays the same.

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7
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Mean trait value moves in response to the direction and intensity of the selection.

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8
Q

What is disruptive

A

Selection against mean trait value, results in multi model trait distribution.

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9
Q

What affects the phenotype?

A

Its genetic base AND its environment.

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10
Q

What is Phenotypic Plasticity?

A

Variation against the same genetic background.

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11
Q

What is the breeders equation?

A 
R= h^2S
R= Change in phenotype between generations.
h^2 = Transmissibility of phenotype.
S = change in phenotype due to selection.
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12
Q

What is Intrasexual selection?

A

Competition between members of the same sex for access to mates.

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13
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

When members of one sex choose members of the opposite sex.

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14
Q

What is a species?

A

Group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.

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15
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

When external barriers separate populations, so they diverge genetically.

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16
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a smaller population becomes isolated, rapid evolution (compared to the main population) occurs due to the non-random sample of genes.

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17
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

No geographic barrier, populations may differ in habitat, behaviour or adaptation. Assortative mating can lead to genetic divergence.

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18
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

An event in which lineage rapidly diversifies, with the newly formed lineages evolving different adaptations.

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19
Q

What are the different levels of organisation found in life?

A

Individual, Population, Community.

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20
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of organisms from the species in a specific geographic location.

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21
Q

What is a community?

A

The collection of different populations within a certain geographic location.

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22
Q

What is succession (in terms of resources)?

A

Sequence of development of vegetation from a sterile surface.

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23
Q

What are the two types of succession?

A

Primary Succession

Secondary Succession

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24
Q

What is Primary Succession?

A

Development beginning from a new bare surface.

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25
Q

What is Secondary Succession?

A

Development after destruction of existing vegetation.

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26
Q

What is the order of succession?

A 
Bare rock
Mosses, Grasses
Grasses, Perennials
Woody Pioneers
Fast growing trees
Climax Forest
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27
Q

Stages in resource development?

A

Initiation
Colonisation
Development
Mature

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28
Q

What are the two kinds of population control?

A

Density-Independent

Density-Dependent

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29
Q

Give some examples o population stressors.

A 
Light
Wind
Salt
Water
Temperature
pH
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30
Q

What is population Dispersal?

A

Departure, travel and finally settlement of a population.

31
Q

What are the Pros of Dispersal?

A

Finding resources
Finding better conditions
Reducing competition
Avoiding inbreeding depression

32
Q

What are the Cons of dispersal?

A

Energy cost
Increased risk of predation
Lack of settlement

33
Q

How is Dispersal different from migration?

A

Dispersal is a permanent movement while migration is seasonal.

34
Q

What does Density-Dependent population control mainly rely on?

A

The carrying capacity of a habitat - how large a population the habitat can provide for.

35
Q

What is competition?

A

Negative effects by one organisms consuming or controlling access to a limited resource.

36
Q

What are the two possible outcomes of competition?

A

Coexistence

Elimination

37
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

Set of conditions under which organisms could survive.

38
Q

What is a realised niche?

A

Set of conditions under which a group of organisms actually survive.

39
Q

What is assemblage?

A

Collection of interacting populations in the same geographic area.

40
Q

What are the advantages of Migration?

A

Exploit new resources seasonally
Protection of vulnerable young
Avoid inbreeding depression
Reducing Competition

41
Q

What are the risks of migration?

A 
Bad weather
Lack of 'emergency stops'
Predation
Disorientation
Potential lack of final stops
42
Q

Which methods can be used to track migration?

A

Point counts
Natural markings
Radar
Satellite Tracking

43
Q

What is Tragedy of the Commons?

A

Without regulation, individuals will exploit a shared resource to depletion, contrary to the common good of others.

44
Q

What modern day problems do we face in relation to resources?

A

There are finite resources
Conflicting uses of materials
Is tricky to deal with boundaries

45
Q

What is species-based management?

A

Looking after a specific species. Not usually effective.

46
Q

What is community-based management?

A

Community comes together to manage specific species. Is difficult to scale up.

47
Q

What is ecosystem-based management?

A

Trying to manage everything withing the ecosystem.

48
Q

What is the process of designating a protected area?

A
  1. Identification based on the presence of key features.
  2. Prioritisation based on the qualities of features.
  3. Assessment of the scale needed to maintain integrity.
  4. Assessment of the ability to effectively manage features.
  5. Prioritisation according to their contribution.
49
Q

What are the types of pollution?

A 
Sewage
Toxic metals/chemicals
Oil
Agricultural run-off
Noise
Plastics
50
Q

Why do we use plastics?

A

Cheaper to manufacture and transport.

They are strong and durable.

51
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Single molecule unit that combines with other units to form a polymer.

52
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Linked monomers joined by polymerisation.

53
Q

What are nurdles?

A

Small plastic pellets that are melted down to join together into larger plastics.

54
Q

What are Macro-Plastics?

A

Any plastic > or equal to 5mm.

55
Q

What are Micro-Plastics?

A

Any plastic < 5mm.

56
Q

What is a Primary Plastic?

A

The whole plastic item.

57
Q

What is a Secondary Plastic?

A

Broken down pieces of a larger plastic.

58
Q

How do plastics get into the ocean?

A

Intentional waste disposal at sea
Accidental spillage
Run-off from land & rivers

59
Q

What is Plastic photodegredation?

A

Plastics are broken down into smaller parts by UV light.

60
Q

What problems are caused by Macro-Plastics?

A

Ingestion

Entanglement

61
Q

What are the problems with Micro-Plastics?

A

Ingestion

Can accumulate toxic materials and chemicals that don’t break down at all.

62
Q

What are the effects of ingested Micro-Plastics?

A

False Satiation
Suffocation
Physical blockage

63
Q

What are the possible solutions to plastic pollution?

A 
Find and fix sources
Better washing machines
High efficiency water filtration
Reduce amount of plastics used
Beach cleans
Recycling
Legislation
64
Q

What is an Ecosystem?

A

A biological community of interacting organisms (biotic factors) and their physical environment (abiotic).

65
Q

What are some abiotic components?

A 
Sunlight
Temperature
Precipitation
Substrate type
Soil or water
Chemistry
66
Q

What are some biotic components?

A 
Primary producers
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Detritivores
67
Q

What is ecosystem functioning?

A

Ecosystem functioning refers to the capacity of ecosystems to carry out the primary ecosystem processes

68
Q

What are the ecosystem functions?

A

Energy Transfer
Nutrient Transfer
Water Transfer
CO2 Transfer

69
Q

Name some processes involved in ecosystem functioning.

A 
Nutrient uptake/release
Decomposition
Water uptake
Photosynthesis
Herbivory
Pollination
Predation
Other species interactions
Response to disturbance
70
Q

What are Ecosystem Supporting Services?

A

Processes that are necessary for the productions of all other ecosystem services (e.g. nutrient dispersal and cycling).

71
Q

What are Ecosystem Provisioning Services or Goods?

A

What is obtained from ecosystems.

72
Q

What are Ecosystem Regulating?

A

Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes.

73
Q

What are Ecosystem Cultural Services?

A

Non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection etc.

Biology Fundamentals (7 decks)

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