4. Social Media: Constantly Connected Flashcards
(We are Social, 2019) indicate that as of April 2019:
There are approximately 3.5 billion social media users globally, representing an increase of 200 million users since April 2018;
Roughly 5.1 billion people worldwide use a smartphone, an increase of 2.7% on the previous year;
Almost 98% of social media users access social media using mobile devices.
(Sensis, 2017) Of the various social media sites, _____ is still the most popular, with _____ of social media users having an account
Facebook, 94%
Objective Self-Awareness Theory (OSA) purports that
people tend to make self-evaluations based on broader social standards
the Hyperpersonal Model (HM), which essentially argues that
people derive their self-concept from the information that they self-select to present online
Gonzales and Handcock theorised that if OSA was supported, Facebook use would predict _____ self-esteem, but if HM would be supported if Facebook use predicted enhanced self-esteem
lower,
The results found that participants who updated and viewed their own Facebook profiles during an experiment reported
higher levels of self-esteem
Facebook activates and reinforces the
‘ideal’ self
Błachnio, Przepiorka, and Pantic (2016) found that levels of self-esteem were
lower in participants classified as addicted to Facebook compared to users classified as intense or ordinary
Hanna et al., 2017) found that Facebook use was associated with ____ social comparison and _____ self-objectification, which, in turn, was related to ____ self-esteem
greater, greater, lower
Offline friendships have been shown to alleviate feelings of
loneliness,
Offline friendships have also been shown to
foster self-esteem, enhance life satisfaction and happiness, and contribute to overall well-being.
Valkenburg and Peter (2007) conducted research comparing the stimulation hypothesis with the
displacement hypothesis in investigating the effect of online communication on adolescent well-being
The displacement hypothesis argues that
online-communication displaces time spent with existing friends, thus diminishing the quality (and thus psychological benefits) of existing friendships
the stimulation hypothesis suggests that
online communication enhances well-being through its effect on the time spent interacting with friends
Grieve and colleagues (2013) investigated the sense of
social connectedness in Facebook users
Across two studies, both with samples of participants in their mid-late 20’s, Grieve and colleagues (2013) found that
online and offline social connectedness were distinct constructs and further, that Facebook connectedness was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety and with greater life satisfaction.
Sinclair and Grieve (2017) investigated whether
Facebook could be used to promote social connectedness in older adults
older adults are at risk of experiencing
greater levels of isolation
Clayton, Nagurney, & Smith, 2013; Fox & Warber, 2013_ suggest that social media imposes challenges
to romantic relationships
Clayton et al., (2013) found that in relationships of less than three years, high levels of Facebook use were related to
negative relationship outcomes and further, that this relationship was mediated by conflict stemming from Facebook use
Muise, Christofides, and Desmarais (2009) found a positive relationship between Facebook use and
jealousy between romantic partners, sparked by ambiguous information found on a partner’s profile
Marshall (2012) found that interaction with a previous romantic partner on social media can lead to
arguments between couples and that maintaining a friendship on social media after a relationship breakdown may hinder and delay overcoming of separation and re-adjusting to single life.
