4. Social Media: Constantly Connected

Question 1

(We are Social, 2019) indicate that as of April 2019:

Answer 1

There are approximately 3.5 billion social media users globally, representing an increase of 200 million users since April 2018;

Roughly 5.1 billion people worldwide use a smartphone, an increase of 2.7% on the previous year;

Almost 98% of social media users access social media using mobile devices.

Question 2

(Sensis, 2017) Of the various social media sites, _____ is still the most popular, with _____ of social media users having an account

Answer 2

Facebook, 94%

Question 3

Objective Self-Awareness Theory (OSA) purports that

Answer 3

people tend to make self-evaluations based on broader social standards

Question 4

the Hyperpersonal Model (HM), which essentially argues that

Answer 4

people derive their self-concept from the information that they self-select to present online

Question 5

Gonzales and Handcock theorised that if OSA was supported, Facebook use would predict _____ self-esteem, but if HM would be supported if Facebook use predicted enhanced self-esteem

Answer 5

lower,

Question 6

The results found that participants who updated and viewed their own Facebook profiles during an experiment reported

Answer 6

higher levels of self-esteem

Question 7

Facebook activates and reinforces the

Answer 7

‘ideal’ self

Question 8

Błachnio, Przepiorka, and Pantic (2016) found that levels of self-esteem were

Answer 8

lower in participants classified as addicted to Facebook compared to users classified as intense or ordinary

Question 9

Hanna et al., 2017) found that Facebook use was associated with ____ social comparison and _____ self-objectification, which, in turn, was related to ____ self-esteem

Answer 9

greater, greater, lower

Question 10

Offline friendships have been shown to alleviate feelings of

Answer 10

loneliness,

Question 11

Offline friendships have also been shown to

Answer 11

foster self-esteem, enhance life satisfaction and happiness, and contribute to overall well-being.

Question 12

Valkenburg and Peter (2007) conducted research comparing the stimulation hypothesis with the

Answer 12

displacement hypothesis in investigating the effect of online communication on adolescent well-being

Question 13

The displacement hypothesis argues that

Answer 13

online-communication displaces time spent with existing friends, thus diminishing the quality (and thus psychological benefits) of existing friendships

Question 14

the stimulation hypothesis suggests that

Answer 14

online communication enhances well-being through its effect on the time spent interacting with friends

Question 15

Grieve and colleagues (2013) investigated the sense of

Answer 15

social connectedness in Facebook users

Question 16

Across two studies, both with samples of participants in their mid-late 20’s, Grieve and colleagues (2013) found that

Answer 16

online and offline social connectedness were distinct constructs and further, that Facebook connectedness was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety and with greater life satisfaction.

Question 17

Sinclair and Grieve (2017) investigated whether

Answer 17

Facebook could be used to promote social connectedness in older adults

Question 18

older adults are at risk of experiencing

Answer 18

greater levels of isolation

Question 19

Clayton, Nagurney, & Smith, 2013; Fox & Warber, 2013_ suggest that social media imposes challenges

Answer 19

to romantic relationships

Question 20

Clayton et al., (2013) found that in relationships of less than three years, high levels of Facebook use were related to

Answer 20

negative relationship outcomes and further, that this relationship was mediated by conflict stemming from Facebook use

Question 21

Muise, Christofides, and Desmarais (2009) found a positive relationship between Facebook use and

Answer 21

jealousy between romantic partners, sparked by ambiguous information found on a partner’s profile

Question 22

Marshall (2012) found that interaction with a previous romantic partner on social media can lead to

Answer 22

arguments between couples and that maintaining a friendship on social media after a relationship breakdown may hinder and delay overcoming of separation and re-adjusting to single life.