4 RENAL FUNCTION Flashcards
The type of nephron responsible for renal concentration
is the:
A. Cortical
B. Juxtaglomerular
C. Efferent
D. Afferent
B. Juxtaglomerular
The function of the peritubular capillaries is:
A. Reabsorption
B. Filtration
C. Secretion
D. Both A and C
D. Both A and C
Blood flows through the nephron in the following order:
A. Efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta, afferent arteriole
B. Peritubular capillaries, afferent arteriole, vasa recta,
efferent arteriole
C. Afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
D. Efferent arteriole, vasa recta, peritubular capillaries, afferent arteriole
C. Afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
Filtration of protein is prevented in the glomerulus by:
A. Hydrostatic pressure
B. Oncotic pressure
C. Renin
D. The glomerular filtration barrier
D. The glomerular filtration barrier
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is responsible for all of the following except:
A. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
B. Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
C. Reabsorbing sodium
D. Releasing aldosterone
A. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
The primary chemical affected by the renin–angiotensin-aldosterone system is:
A. Chloride
B. Sodium
C. Potassium
D. Hydrogen
B. Sodium
Secretion of renin is stimulated by:
A. Juxtaglomerular cells
B. Angiotensin I and II
C. Macula densa cells
D. Circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme
C. Macula densa cells
The hormone aldosterone is responsible for:
A. Hydrogen ion secretion
B. Potassium secretion
C. Chloride retention
D. Sodium retention
D. Sodium retention
The fluid leaving the glomerulus has a specific gravity of:
A. 1.005
B. 1.010
C. 1.015
D. 1.020
B. 1.010
For active transport to occur, a chemical must:
A. Combine with a carrier protein to create electrochemical energy
B. Be filtered through the proximal convoluted tubule
C. Be in higher concentration in the filtrate than in the blood
D. Be in higher concentration in the blood than in the filtrate
A. Combine with a carrier protein to create electrochemical energy
Which of the tubules is impermeable to water?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Descending loop of Henle
C. Ascending loop of Henle
D. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Ascending loop of Henle
Glucose will appear in the urine when the:
A. Blood level of glucose is 200 mg/dL
B. Tm for glucose is reached
C. Renal threshold for glucose is exceeded
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Concentration of the tubular filtrate by the countercurrent mechanism depends on all of the following except:
A. High salt concentration in the medulla
B. Water-impermeable walls of the ascending loop of Henle
C. Reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the ascending loop of Henle
D. Reabsorption of water in the descending loop of Henle
D. Reabsorption of water in the descending loop of Henle
ADH regulates the final urine concentration by controlling:
A. Active reabsorption of sodium
B. Tubular permeability
C. Passive reabsorption of urea
D. Passive reabsorption of chloride
B. Tubular permeability
Decreased production of ADH:
A. Produces a low volume of urine
B. Produces a high volume of urine
C. Increases excretion of ammonia
D. Affects active transport of sodium
B. Produces a high volume of urine
Bicarbonate ions filtered by the glomerulus are returned to the blood:
A. In the proximal convoluted tubule
B. Combined with hydrogen ions
C. By tubular secretion
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
If ammonia is not produced by the distal convoluted tubule, the urine pH will be:
A. Acidic
B. Basic
C. Hypothenuric
D. Hypersthenuric
B. Basic
Identify whether the following clearance substances are (A) Exogenous or (B) Endogenous:
Beta2-microglobulin
B. Endogenous
Identify whether the following clearance substances are (A) Exogenous or (B) Endogenous:
Creatinine
B. Endogenous
Identify whether the following clearance substances are (A) Exogenous or (B) Endogenous:
Cystatin C
B. Endogenous
Identify whether the following clearance substances are (A) Exogenous or (B) Endogenous:
125 I-iothalmate
A. Exogenous
The largest source of error in creatinine clearance tests is:
A. Secretion of creatinine
B. Improperly timed urine specimens
C. Refrigeration of the urine
D. Time of collecting blood specimen
B. Improperly timed urine specimens
Given the following information, calculate the creatinine
clearance:
24-hour urine volume: 1000 mL; serum creatinine: 2.0 mg/dL; urine creatinine: 200 mg/dL
69 mL/min
Clearance tests used to determine the glomerular filtration rate must measure substances that are:
A. Not filtered by the glomerulus
B. Completely reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule
C. Secreted in the distal convoluted tubule
D. Neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the tubules
D. Neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the tubules
Performing a clearance test using radionucleotides:
A. Eliminates the need to collect urine
B. Does not require an infusion
C. Provides visualization of the filtration
D. Both A and C
D. Both A and C
Variables that are included in the MDRD-IDSM estimated calculations of creatinine clearance include all of the following except:
A. Serum creatinine
B. Weight
C. Age
D. Gender
B. Weight
An advantage to using cystatin C to monitor GFR is that:
A. It does not require urine collection
B. It is not secreted by the tubules
C. It can be measured by immunoassay
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Solute dissolved in solvent will:
A. Raise the vapor pressure
B. Lower the boiling point
C. Decrease the osmotic pressure
D. Lower the freezing point
D. Lower the freezing point
Substances that may interfere with freezing-point measurement of urine and serum osmolarity include all
of the following except:
A. Ethanol
B. Lactic acid
C. Sodium
D. Lipids
C. Sodium
Clinical osmometers use NaCl as a reference solution because:
A. 1 g molecular weight of NaCl will lower the freezing point 1.86°C
B. NaCl is readily frozen
C. NaCl is partially ionized, similar to the composition of urine
D. 1 g equivalent weight of NaCl will raise the freezing point 1.86°C
C. NaCl is partially ionized, similar to the composition of urine
The normal serum osmolarity is:
A. 50 to 100 mOsm
B. 275 to 300 mOsm
C. 400 to 500 mOsm
D. 3 times the urine osmolarity
B. 275 to 300 mOsm
After controlled fluid intake, the urine-to-serum osmolarity ratio should be at least:
A. 1:1
B. 2:1
C. 3:1
D. 4:1
A. 1:1
Calculate the free water clearance from the following results:
urine volume in 6 hours: 720 mL; urine osmolarity: 225 mOsm; plasma osmolarity: 300 mOsm
+ 0.5
To provide an accurate measure of renal blood flow, a test substance should be completely:
A. Filtered by the glomerulus
B. Reabsorbed by the tubules
C. Secreted when it reaches the distal convoluted tubule
D. Cleared on each contact with functional renal tissue
D. Cleared on each contact with functional renal tissue
Given the following data, calculate the effective renal plasma flow:
urine volume in 2 hours: 240 mL; urine PAH: 150 mg/dL; plasma PAH: 0.5 mg/dL
600 mL/min
Renal tubular acidosis can be caused by the:
A. Production of excessively acidic urine due to increased filtration of hydrogen ions
B. Production of excessively acidic urine due to increased secretion of hydrogen ions
C. Inability to produce an acidic urine due to impaired production of ammonia
D. Inability to produce an acidic urine due to increased production of ammonia
C. Inability to produce an acidic urine due to impaired production of ammonia
Tests performed to detect renal tubular acidosis after administering an ammonium chloride load include all of the following except:
A. Urine ammonia
B. Arterial pH
C. Urine pH
D. Titratable acidity
B. Arterial pH
