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RT 204 > 4. Prime Factors > Flashcards

4. Prime Factors Flashcards

1
Q

controls both the quantity and quality of the x-ray beam

A

Kilovoltage (kVp)

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2
Q

Increasing kilovoltage on an x-ray control panel will cause an
______ in the speed and energy of the electrons applied across
the x-ray tube.

A

increase

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3
Q

Kilovoltage affects the _____ of the x-ray beam because more interactions occur at the target as kVp increases

A

quantity

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4
Q

Kilovoltage affects
the _____ of the x-ray beam because each electron has more
energy, resulting in a beam with greater penetrability.

A

quality

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5
Q 
The quantity (intensity) of x-ray photons increases very 
quickly with \_\_\_\_\_\_ in kVp
A

increases

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6
Q

Both the _____ and _____ x-ray beam will vary significantly with changes in the kilovoltage applied across the x-ray tube

A

quantity,

quality

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7
Q

Because changes in kilovoltage create changes in beam
penetrability, _____ is the primary controller of the differences in radiographic densities and this is known
as contrast

A

kVp

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8
Q

15% rule states that an increase in kVp by 15% will cause a ______ in exposure, the same effect as ______ the mA or ______ exposure time

A

doubling,
doubling,
doubling

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9
Q

The intensity of x-rays varies greatly with

changes in

A

distance

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10
Q

The measurement of the x-ray

intensity is obtained using a _______

A

dosimeter

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11
Q

X-ray intensity (exposure) is
measured in ______ or
more commonly in diagnostic
radiology in

A

Roentgens (R),

milliroentgens (mR)

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12
Q

The actual number of photons created

remains ______ but the distribution of the photons _____ with the distance

A

unchanged,

varies

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13
Q

states that the intensity of radiation at a given distance from the point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance

A

inverse square law

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14
Q

As the distance increases, intensity ______, which causes a ______ in
exposure to the image
receptor

A

decreases,

decrease

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15
Q

The formula is sometimes known as the _________ and is based on the principle of the inverse square law.

A

exposure (film density) maintenance formula

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16
Q

As the distance decreases, intensity _____ which in turn causes an ______ in radiographic film density

A

increases,

increase

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17
Q

a direct relationship is necessary to compensate for the changes in intensity and film density

A

Direct square Law

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18
Q

Changes in the distance will create _____ in the x-ray intensity and the radiographic density

A

changes

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19
Q

With digital image detector systems, the traditional relationship between the image quality properties of density and contrast to ___, ___ and _____ does not exist

A

mAs,
kVp,
distance

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20
Q

it is possible to change the mAs, kVp and distance and have ______on the density (brightness) or contrast on the display
monitor

A

no effect

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21
Q

Despite the ability to control density and contrast through _______, it is still critical to provide the digital image receptor with an appropriate exposure for a given procedure

A

post-processing parameters

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22
Q

Setting the appropriate

mAs, kVp and distance is the ______ radiographer

A

responsibility

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23
Q

Three (3) factors that affect x-ray emission are under the direct control of the radiographer:

A
  1. ) milliamperage-second (mAs)
  2. ) kilovoltage (kVp)
  3. ) distance (d)
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24
Q

is a measure of the number of x-ray

photons in the useful beam

A

X-ray quantity

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25
Q

X-ray quantity also called as

A

x-ray output, intensity or exposure

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26
Q

unit of measurement of x-ray quantity

A

Roentgen (R)

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27
Q

Factors that affect x-ray quantity are:

A

mAs, kVp, distance and Filtration

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28
Q

measurement of the penetrating ability

of the x-ray beam

A

X-ray quality

29
Q

describes the distance an x-ray beam

travels in matter

A

Penetrability

30
Q

Highly penetrating x-rays are termed as

A

hard x-rays

31
Q

Low penetrating x-rays are termed as

A

soft x-rays

32
Q

X-ray quality is numerically represented by the

A

Half-Value Layer (HVL)

33
Q

is that thickness

of absorbing material needed to reduce the x-ray intensity (quantity) to half its original value

A

Half-Value Layer (HVL) of an x-ray beam

34
Q

The factors that affect x-ray quality are:

A

kVp,

Filtration

35
Q

is a measurement of x-ray tube current – the number of electrons crossing the tube from cathode to anode per second

A

Milliamperage (mA)

36
Q

is directly proportional to tube current

A

Milliamperage

37
Q

mA _____, so does the number of electrons able to cross the tube

A

doubles

38
Q

The number of electrons reaching the target is also

controlled by the_____ the tube is energized

A

length of time

39
Q

Like milliamperage (mA), ______ is directly
proportional to the number of electrons crossing the
tube and is therefore directly proportional to the number of x-rays created

A

exposure time

40
Q

number of electrons crossing the tube

A

tube current

41
Q

how long the electrons are allowed to cross

A

exposure time

42
Q

a product of the number of electrons crossing the tube (tube current) and how long the electrons are allowed to cross (exposure time)

A

The number of x-rays that will be created at the target

43
Q

is the unit used to describe the product of tube current and exposure time

A

Milliamperage-second (mAs)

44
Q

milliamperage (mA) x seconds (s) =

A

Milliamperage-second (mAs)

45
Q

is the primary controller of x-ray quantity

A

mAs

46
Q

On the radiographic image, the _____ are the result of an x-ray exposure to the film and intensifying screens

A

densities

47
Q

While the relationship between mAs and exposure (mR) is a ______ proportional one, the relationship of these 2 factors to film density is much more complex

A

directly

48
Q

Film density is determined by

A

the amount of silver

deposition in the emulsion due to the film type, exposure conditions, exposure (mR), and processing

49
Q

durable protection layer

A

Supercoat

50
Q

radiation and light-sensitive layer

A

Emulsion

51
Q

adheres layers together

A

Adhesive

52
Q

polyester layer that gives the film physical stability

A

Film base

53
Q

expresses the relationship between exposure and density, with log relative exposure plotted on the x-axis and density (D) plotted on the x-ray axis (y-axis)

A

D log E sensitometric curve

54
Q

Since density is primarily determined by the amount of exposure a film receives, and since exposure is directly proportional to mAs, _____ is used as the primary controller of radiographic film density

A

mAs

55
Q

As mAs increases, x-ray exposure ______

proportionally then radiographic density also ______.

A

increases,

increases

56
Q

The relationship of a film’s reaction to exposure was described in ____ by _______ who studied the reaction of a photographic film to light is equal to the product of the intensity of the light and the duration of the exposure

A

1875,

Bunsen & Roscoe

57
Q

The reaction of a photographic film to light is equal to the product of the intensity of the light and the duration of the exposure, this concept is called the

A

Reciprocity law

58
Q

OD (Optical Density) of a radiograph is proportional only to the total energy imparted to the radiographic film

A

Reciprocity law

59
Q

If applied to x-rays, the ______ can be restated as the density on an x-ray film should remain unchanged as long as the intensity and duration of the x-ray exposure (controlled by mAs) remains unchanged

A

Reciprocity law

60
Q

This law generally is true for x-ray films exposed is from light and not x-rays

A

Reciprocity law

61
Q

The reciprocity law fails for exposures made at ________

A

extremely short exposure times (less than 1/100 second)

or extremely long exposure times (more than a second)

62
Q

Radiographic film density should remain _______ as

long as the total exposure to the film remains unchanged

A

unchanged

63
Q

is the primary controlling
factor that will affect the x-ray quantity and
radiographic density

A

Milliamperage-second (mAs)

64
Q

device that measures the degree of darkening of the radiographic film

A

Densitometer

65
Q

modality that uses soft x-rays

A

Mammography

66
Q

range of the density that offers diagnostic value

A

0.25-2.5

67
Q

distance for vertical grid

A

72 inches

68
Q

distance for horizontal grid

A

40 inches

RT 204 (11 decks)

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