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RT 204 > 4. Prime Factors > Flashcards

4. Prime Factors Flashcards

1
Q

controls both the quantity and quality of the x-ray beam

A

Kilovoltage (kVp)

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2
Q

Increasing kilovoltage on an x-ray control panel will cause an
______ in the speed and energy of the electrons applied across
the x-ray tube.

A

increase

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3
Q

Kilovoltage affects the _____ of the x-ray beam because more interactions occur at the target as kVp increases

A

quantity

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4
Q

Kilovoltage affects
the _____ of the x-ray beam because each electron has more
energy, resulting in a beam with greater penetrability.

A

quality

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5
Q 
The quantity (intensity) of x-ray photons increases very 
quickly with \_\_\_\_\_\_ in kVp
A

increases

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6
Q

Both the _____ and _____ x-ray beam will vary significantly with changes in the kilovoltage applied across the x-ray tube

A

quantity,

quality

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7
Q

Because changes in kilovoltage create changes in beam
penetrability, _____ is the primary controller of the differences in radiographic densities and this is known
as contrast

A

kVp

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8
Q

15% rule states that an increase in kVp by 15% will cause a ______ in exposure, the same effect as ______ the mA or ______ exposure time

A

doubling,
doubling,
doubling

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9
Q

The intensity of x-rays varies greatly with

changes in

A

distance

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10
Q

The measurement of the x-ray

intensity is obtained using a _______

A

dosimeter

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11
Q

X-ray intensity (exposure) is
measured in ______ or
more commonly in diagnostic
radiology in

A

Roentgens (R),

milliroentgens (mR)

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12
Q

The actual number of photons created

remains ______ but the distribution of the photons _____ with the distance

A

unchanged,

varies

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13
Q

states that the intensity of radiation at a given distance from the point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance

A

inverse square law

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14
Q

As the distance increases, intensity ______, which causes a ______ in
exposure to the image
receptor

A

decreases,

decrease

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15
Q

The formula is sometimes known as the _________ and is based on the principle of the inverse square law.

A

exposure (film density) maintenance formula

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16
Q

As the distance decreases, intensity _____ which in turn causes an ______ in radiographic film density

A

increases,

increase

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17
Q

a direct relationship is necessary to compensate for the changes in intensity and film density

A

Direct square Law

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18
Q

Changes in the distance will create _____ in the x-ray intensity and the radiographic density

A

changes

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19
Q

With digital image detector systems, the traditional relationship between the image quality properties of density and contrast to ___, ___ and _____ does not exist

A

mAs,
kVp,
distance

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20
Q

it is possible to change the mAs, kVp and distance and have ______on the density (brightness) or contrast on the display
monitor

A

no effect

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21
Q

Despite the ability to control density and contrast through _______, it is still critical to provide the digital image receptor with an appropriate exposure for a given procedure

A

post-processing parameters

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22
Q

Setting the appropriate

mAs, kVp and distance is the ______ radiographer

A

responsibility

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23
Q

Three (3) factors that affect x-ray emission are under the direct control of the radiographer:

A
  1. ) milliamperage-second (mAs)
  2. ) kilovoltage (kVp)
  3. ) distance (d)
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24
Q

is a measure of the number of x-ray

photons in the useful beam

A

X-ray quantity

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25
X-ray quantity also called as
x-ray output, intensity or exposure
26
unit of measurement of x-ray quantity
Roentgen (R)
27
Factors that affect x-ray quantity are:
mAs, kVp, distance and Filtration
28
measurement of the penetrating ability | of the x-ray beam
X-ray quality
29
describes the distance an x-ray beam | travels in matter
Penetrability
30
Highly penetrating x-rays are termed as
hard x-rays
31
Low penetrating x-rays are termed as
soft x-rays
32
X-ray quality is numerically represented by the
Half-Value Layer (HVL)
33
is that thickness | of absorbing material needed to reduce the x-ray intensity (quantity) to half its original value
Half-Value Layer (HVL) of an x-ray beam
34
The factors that affect x-ray quality are:
kVp, | Filtration
35
is a measurement of x-ray tube current – the number of electrons crossing the tube from cathode to anode per second
Milliamperage (mA)
36
is directly proportional to tube current
Milliamperage
37
mA _____, so does the number of electrons able to cross the tube
doubles
38
The number of electrons reaching the target is also | controlled by the_____ the tube is energized
length of time
39
Like milliamperage (mA), ______ is directly proportional to the number of electrons crossing the tube and is therefore directly proportional to the number of x-rays created
exposure time
40
number of electrons crossing the tube
tube current
41
how long the electrons are allowed to cross
exposure time
42
a product of the number of electrons crossing the tube (tube current) and how long the electrons are allowed to cross (exposure time)
The number of x-rays that will be created at the target
43
is the unit used to describe the product of tube current and exposure time
Milliamperage-second (mAs)
44
milliamperage (mA) x seconds (s) =
Milliamperage-second (mAs)
45
is the primary controller of x-ray quantity
mAs
46
On the radiographic image, the _____ are the result of an x-ray exposure to the film and intensifying screens
densities
47
While the relationship between mAs and exposure (mR) is a ______ proportional one, the relationship of these 2 factors to film density is much more complex
directly
48
Film density is determined by
the amount of silver | deposition in the emulsion due to the film type, exposure conditions, exposure (mR), and processing
49
durable protection layer
Supercoat
50
radiation and light-sensitive layer
Emulsion
51
adheres layers together
Adhesive
52
polyester layer that gives the film physical stability
Film base
53
expresses the relationship between exposure and density, with log relative exposure plotted on the x-axis and density (D) plotted on the x-ray axis (y-axis)
D log E sensitometric curve
54
Since density is primarily determined by the amount of exposure a film receives, and since exposure is directly proportional to mAs, _____ is used as the primary controller of radiographic film density
mAs
55
As mAs increases, x-ray exposure ______ | proportionally then radiographic density also ______.
increases, | increases
56
The relationship of a film’s reaction to exposure was described in ____ by _______ who studied the reaction of a photographic film to light is equal to the product of the intensity of the light and the duration of the exposure
1875, | Bunsen & Roscoe
57
The reaction of a photographic film to light is equal to the product of the intensity of the light and the duration of the exposure, this concept is called the
Reciprocity law
58
OD (Optical Density) of a radiograph is proportional only to the total energy imparted to the radiographic film
Reciprocity law
59
If applied to x-rays, the ______ can be restated as the density on an x-ray film should remain unchanged as long as the intensity and duration of the x-ray exposure (controlled by mAs) remains unchanged
Reciprocity law
60
This law generally is true for x-ray films exposed is from light and not x-rays
Reciprocity law
61
The reciprocity law fails for exposures made at ________
extremely short exposure times (less than 1/100 second) | or extremely long exposure times (more than a second)
62
Radiographic film density should remain _______ as | long as the total exposure to the film remains unchanged
unchanged
63
is the primary controlling factor that will affect the x-ray quantity and radiographic density
Milliamperage-second (mAs)
64
device that measures the degree of darkening of the radiographic film
Densitometer
65
modality that uses soft x-rays
Mammography
66
range of the density that offers diagnostic value
0.25-2.5
67
distance for vertical grid
72 inches
68
distance for horizontal grid
40 inches

RT 204 (11 decks)

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