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A-LEVEL RUSSIA > 4 - Political authority in action > Flashcards

4 - Political authority in action Flashcards

1
Q

What did Polish nationalism bring about under Nicholas I

A

A revolt in 1830

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2
Q

What revolt did Alexander II encounter
* When
* Type of war
* Defeat

A
  • Second Polish revolt
  • 200,000 Poles establsihed an underground government, waging guerilla warfare
  • Crushed after fierce fighting in 1864
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3
Q

What was Alexander II’s attitude to Russification, and how does this compare to Alexander III’s attitiude

A

Keeping the Empire together, rather than systematically persecuting racial minorities

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4
Q

How did Alexander II keep control over ethnic minorities, and give examples

A
  • Concessions
  • Latvians + Estonians allowed to return to Lutheranism, where Orthodoxy had previously been demanded
  • Finns to have their own diet
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5
Q

What was the only time that Alexander II did use harsh Russification policies

A

Prohibited the use of Ukranian language in publications and performances from 1876

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6
Q

How many ethnic groups were there in the Empire

A

Over 100

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7
Q

What nationalities in the empire, considered themselves distinct nations with their own national ideology

A
  • Ukranians in the South and South-West
  • Millions of Georgians and Romanians
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8
Q

What Russification policy did Alexander III engage in

A

Cultural Russification

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9
Q

What was Alexander III’s aim with Russification, and how did this differ from Alexander II

A
  • Merge all of the Tsar’s subjects into a single nation with a shared identity
  • More than just keeping control
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10
Q

What minister encouraged harsh Russification policies

A

Pobendonostev

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11
Q

What areas are examples of Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies

A
  • Finland
  • Poland
  • Baltic Germany
  • Ukraine
  • Poland
  • Asia
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12
Q

What are examples of Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies in Finland

A
  • Independant postal service abolished
  • Russian coinage replaced local currency
  • In 1892, the diet was reorganised
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13
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14
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16
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16
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17
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18
Q
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19
Q

What are examples of Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies in Poland

A
  • National Bank was closed in 1885
  • All teaching was to be done in Russian
19
Q

What are examples of Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies in Baltic Germany

A
  • Between 1885-89, measures enforced the use of Russian language in schools
  • German university of Dopar was ‘Russified’ to Iurev
19
Q

What are examples of Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies in Ukrain

A
  • In 1883, laws limited the use of Ukranian language
  • In 1884 all theatres in the five Ukranian provinces were closed down
19
Q

What are examples of Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies in Poland

A

Catholic monasteries were closed down

19
Q

What are examples of Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies in Asia

A

8,500 heathens + Muslims were converted to Orthodoxy in mass baptisms

20
Q

What was punishement for coverting a member of the Orthodox Church to another faith under the Romonov dynasty

A

Exile to Siberia

21
Q

Evidence for how Alexander III’s harsh Russification policies had backlash

A

In June 1888, the Department of Police estimated 332 cases of mass disturbace in 61 of the 92 provinces and districts

22
Q

Examples of how ethnic uprisings were mercilessly supressed under Alexander III

A
  • Bashkira 1884
  • Tashkent 1892
23
Q

Why did Russification have such great support in some areas

A

Supporters genuinely believed that they were acting for the greater good of Russia, and unification was required to allow for modernisation

24
Q

In reality, what effect did Russification have on the population of national minorities

A
  • Intensified feelings of anti-tsarist rule
  • Provoked many who would have otherwise have been loyal to join revolutionary groups
25
Q
A
26
Q
A
27
Q
A
27
Q

How many Jews in the Russian Empire

A

5million

28
Q

Where had the 5million Jews in the Russian Empire been confined to, and since when

A
  • 1736
  • Pale of Settlement
29
Q

What was the Pale of Settlement

A

An area outside of which, Jews were forbidden to live

30
Q

Where did the Slavic population get their Jewish resentment from

A
  • Teachings of Church
  • Alexander III
  • Pobendonostev
  • Right-wing press
31
Q

How did Jewish resentment develop from Church teachings

A

They perpetuated their negative money-lending stereotypes

32
Q

How did Jewish resentment develop from Alexander III

A

He was anti-semetic largely on religious grounds

33
Q

How did Jewish resentment develop from Pobendonostev

A

Used inflammatory slogans such as ‘Beat the Yids, Save Russia’

34
Q

How did Jewish resentment develop from the right-wing press

A

Encouraged the view that Jews had been pivotal in Alexander II’s assasination

35
Q

When and where was the first pogrom

A

Yelizavetgrad in April 1881

36
Q

Who encouraged the first pogroms

A

Okhrana

37
Q

How many major cities were affected by pogroms

A

16

38
Q

What occured during pogroms

A
  • Jewish property was burned
  • Countless insidences of rape and murder
39
Q

What law under Alexander III persecuted Jews

A

In May 1892, laws limited the rights of Jews across the Empire

40
Q

Example of Jewish expulsion

A

In 1892, 20,000 Jews expelled fro Moscow during passover and a newly built synogogue closed down

41
Q

What was the short-term consequence of Jewish explusion

A

A disproportionate number of Jews joined revolutionary groups - like Trotsky

A-LEVEL RUSSIA (6 decks)

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