4. Phylogenetic trees

Question 1

What are three domains of life?

Answer 1

Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Archea (prokaryotes)
Eucaryota

Question 2

Principles of hierarchical classifications

Answer 2

Grouped in taxonomic groups form broad or narrow
Domain,kingdom …….. genus, species

Question 3

Difference between homologies and anologies ?

Answer 3

Homologies is similarity caused by shared ancestry like wolf and dog
Analogy is caused bu similaire conditions/adaptations eg North American and Australian mole
How to tell:
Fossil evidence
more complex more Likely to be homologous

Question 4

How is dna used to build phylogenetic trees

Answer 4

Ribosomes highly conserved so small no of changes over time,but some mutations
Look for genetic difference, bigger difference implies bigger evolutionary distance
Watch for homology still! Might mutate and then back making us think it hasn’t hcbaged

Question 5

How to phylogenetic trees allow us to test hypothesis?

Answer 5

Can predict features on an ancestor from descendants
Looking at traits ancestors have in common
Eg dinosaur features from birds and crococodiles bc both lays eggs but neither have scales but do have feathers so dinosaur probs had feather

Question 6

What is horizontal gene transfer and how is it done and example and how affects tree of life

Answer 6

Genetic material transfer between organisms
Transformed in an environments
Transducted through eg virus
Conjunction throughfrom one bacterium to another
Example: antibiotic resistance , toxin resistance
Tree of life assumes transmission of genetic material from parent , but irl may be exchnaged in other ways