4. Pathology of CVD Flashcards
Definition of arteriosclerosis (2)
Hardening of artery/BV wall
Vessel wall loses flexibility and elasticity, caused by calcification or atheroma
Definition of atherosclerosis (3)
Change in BV wall due to cholesterol deposition
Multifactorial disease
Chromic inflammation followed by healing
Most important risk factor in atherosclerosis
Cholesterol/hyperlipidaemia
Non-modifiable risk factors (3)
Age
Sex
Genetics
Phases of atherosclerosis (2)
Chronic inflammation phase
Healing response phase
Chronic inflammation phase of atherosclerosis mechanism (3)
Modifiable risk factors damage endothelial cells
Endothelial cells change surface receptors and become more permeable to lipids
Change in cell adhesion molecules, allowing monocytes to attach to endothelium and move into BV walls
Healing response phase of atherosclerosis mechanism (2)
Growth factors are produced (TGFa, FGF)
Fibrous fatty plaque (with central mass of lipid and necrotic tissue is produced from collagen laid down due to damage and healing)
Effects of atherosclerosis (5)
Ischaemia Infarction Thrombosis Embolism Chronic periodontitis
Types of PVD (4)
Ischaemia
Claudication
Gangrene
Coagulation necrosis and infection
Definition of aneurysm
Abnormal dilations that occur in BV or cardiac wall, as well as other places in the body
Aneurysm aetiology (3)
Developmental
Degenerative
Traumatic
Pathological display of MI (4)
Infarction
Coagulation necrosis of myocardial muscle
Ineffective anaerobic respiration
Healing affects heart function
CCS complications (3)
Ventricular hypertrophy
Oedema
Chronic venous congestion (CVC) of lungs and liver
Pathophysiology of congestive HF (6)
Hypertrophy of myocyte Capillaries do not increase in number Heart may reach 2-3x normal weight Increased metabolic demands, leading to ischaemia Injury to mycocyte due to ischaemia Apoptosis and HF
Types of CV tumours (5)
Hamartoma Kaposi sarcoma Myxoma Lipoma Angiosarcoma
Haemangioma growth (2)
Usually rapid during first weeks of life
Usually regress over first 10yrs of life
Aetiology of Kaposi sarcoma
HHV-8 (human herpes simplex virus 8)
Types of heart valve disease
Congenital
Acquired - due to result of other cardiac diseases such as ventricular hypertrophy
Types of acquired valve diseases (2)
Stenosis (injury to valve)
Insufficiency (may causes)
Most common valve condition and treatment
Calcific aortic disease
Replacement valve
Aetiology of rheumatic heart disease (2)
Rheumatic fever
Damage caused by combo. of type 2 and 4 reactions
Cause of endocardium inflammation (2)
Fibrinoid necrosis
Vegetations formed along valve linings, thickening, fusion and calcification
Complications of endocardium inflammation (3)
Aortic dilation
AF
Thrombi in one/both atrial walls
Infective endocarditis definition and causes (2)
Microbial infection of heart valves
S. aureus/S. viridens - vegetation formed on cusps contain fibrin, inflammatory cells and infective pathogens which can cause an infective embolus
