Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS2 BAMS Cardiovascular > 1. Epidemiology and Drugs > Flashcards

1. Epidemiology and Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

CVD risk factors may be (2)

A

Irreversible

Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Irreversible CVD risk factors (3)

A

Age
Sex
Family history/genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reversible CVD risk factors (4)

A

Smoking
Obesity
Diet
Exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Modifiable CVD risk factors (4)

A

Hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia
Diabetes
Stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of CVD prevention (2)

A

Primary

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of primary CVD prevention (3)

A

Exercise
Diet
Smoking cessation
Assess total risk - medical treatment if high risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Difference between primary and secondary CVD prevention (2)

A

Secondary - primary with medical treatment to reduce risk

Secondary - undertaken after presenting with CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary prevention approach addresses (6)

A 
Family history
Diet
Smoking
Test cholesterol
Test blood pressure
Test for diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of CVD (4)

A

Angina
Myocardial infarction/heart attack (MI)
Stroke (CVA)
Claudication (leg/calf pains)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Approach to prevention involves (4)

A

Lifestyle changes
Control total cholesterol
Control hypertension
Anti-platelet drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Total cholesterol control involves (2)

A

Statin treatment

Reduce <5mmol/l or by 25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypertension control is for (2) and aims to

A

Moderate hypertension
Mild hypertension with evidence of CVD
Reduce BP to < 140/85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anti-platelets are used when (2)

A

CVD identified

When patient is at high risk of CVD (with no identified disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Drugs used in the CVS (2)

A

Prevent further disease

Reduce symptoms of current disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Drugs which prevent further CVS disease include (4)

A

Anti-platelet drugs
Lipid lowering drugs
Anti-arrhythmic drugs
Anticoagulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Drugs which reduce symptoms of current disease (5)

A 
Diuretics
Anti-arrhythmic drugs
Nitrates
Calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anti-platelet drug aim

A

Significantly reduce chance of MI/CVA in at risk individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anti-platelet drug side effects

A

Prolong bleeding (during extraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of anti-platelet drugs (3)

A

Platelet aggregation inhibitors (aspirin)
ADP-induced platelet aggregation inhibitors (clopidogrel)
Platelet phosphodiesterase inhibitors (dipyridamole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Use of more than one anti-platelet drug in combination (3)

A

Decrease platelet aggregation
Decrease thrombosis risk
Increased effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anticoagulants used for

A

Those at risk of thrombosis/primary embolism in slow-moving blood areas (legs/ankles)

22
Q

Types of anticoagulants (5)

A 
Warfarin
Heparin
Apixiban
Dabigatran
Rivaroxiban
23
Q

Warfarin action

A

Inhibits synthesis of vitamin-K clotting factors (2, 7, 9, 10, protein C and protein S)

24
Q

Treatment for patient taking warfarin who begins to bleed excessively

A

Flood area with vitamin K

25
Issues with warfarin and treatment (2)
``` Initial hypercoagulation (anticoagulation takes 2-3 days) Initially prescribe warfarin with heparin concurrently ```
26
Warfarin monitoring test and value ranges
INR - standardised prothrombin time 1 - normal 2-4 - therapeutic range of patient taking warfarin
27
Anticoagulant/warfarin drug interactions (3)
Amoxicillin Metronidazole NSAIDs
28
New oral anticoagulants (NOACs) include (3)
Rivaroxiban - FX activation inhibitor Apixiban - direct thrombin inhibitor Dabigatran - direct thrombin inhibitor
29
NOAC drug interactions (2)
Macrolides - erythromycin and clarithromycin | NSAIDs - prolong action and inhibit platelets
30
Statins definition and types (3)
Lipid-lowering drugs | Simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin
31
Statin side effects
Possible myositis with some drug interactions - antifungals
32
Beta-adrenergic blockers function (2)
Stop arrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest (VF) | Reduce heart muscle excitation
33
Beta-blocker types (2)
Selective B1 only (atenolol) - reduce HR and heart electrical activity leading to prevention of arrhythmias
34
Beta-blocker side effects and contraindications (3)
Prevent increase in HR, may lead to postural hypotension Reduce heart efficiency, worsening HF Block beta-receptors in lungs, exacerbating asthma
35
Diuretics definition and function
Antihypertensive drugs | Used to treat HF
36
Diuretic types (2)
``` Thiazide diuretics (bendroflumethiazide) Loop diuretics (frusemide) ```
37
Diuretics action
Increase salt and water loss (reduce plasma volume and cardiac workload)
38
Diuretics side effects (2)
Na/K imbalance if not monitored correctly | Xerostomia (in elderly)
39
Nitrates can be (2)
Short-acting | Long-acting
40
Use of short-acting diuretics and example
Emergency management of angina pectoris
41
Use of long-acting diuretics and example
Prevention of angina pectoris - isosorbide mononitrate
42
Action of nitrates (3)
Venodilation (dilate veins) - reduce preload to heart Reduce peripheral resistance (dilate resistance arteries) - reduces cardiac workload and cardiac oxygen consumption Dilate collateral coronary artery supply - reduces angina pain
43
Method of nitrate administration and why
Sublingual, transdermal, IV | Inactivated by first-pass metabolism
44
Nitrates side effects
Headaches
45
Function and action of calcium channel blockers
Reduce hypertension | By blocking calcium channels in smooth muscle
46
Different calcium channel blockers are more active in different places (2)
Peripheral blood vessels - relaxation and vasodilation of arterioles (nifedipine, amlodipine) Heart muscles - slow conduction of pacing impulses (verapamil)
47
Calcium-channel blockers side effects
Gingiva hyperplasia
48
Function ACE inhibitors (2)
Reduce BP | Reduce excess salt and water retention (prevent aldosterone-dependent reabsorption of salt and water)
49
Action of ACE inhibitors
Inhibit conversion of Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II
50
Side effects of ACE inhibitors (2)
Cough | Hypotension
51
Oral reactions to ACE inhibitors (2)
Angio-oedema | Lichenoid reactions
52
Difference between Ang II blockers and ACE inhibitors
Ang II blockers inhibit the same system but by a different mechanism

BDS2 BAMS Cardiovascular (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions