Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Semester 3 - Head and neck > 4. Osteology and Radiology of the Skull > Flashcards

4. Osteology and Radiology of the Skull Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

The bones that support or protect the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Bones forming the facial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

22 (8 cranial, 14 facial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 parts of the neurocranium and by what method do they ossify?

A

Calvaria (skull cap) by intramembranous, Cranial floor (base) by endochondral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the bones of the calvaria?

A

Frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, 2 greater wing of sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are he different sutures of the calvaria?

A

Coronal (between frontal and parietal), Sagittal (between parietal), Lambdoid (between parietal and occipital)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the bregma and lambda?

A

Bregma (Coronal and sagittal sutures meet), Lambda (sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Areas of unossified membrane gaps between bones of calvaria (where the future bregma and labda are)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of fontanelles?

A

Allow alteration of the skull size and shape during childbirth. Permit infant brain growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At what age do the fontanelles fuse?

A

Anterior (18 months - 2 years), Posterior (1 - 3 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when do sutures fuse?

A

sutures not completely ossified in children and only ossify in adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

Early fusion of fontanelles and sutures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the clinical significance of the anterior fontanelle when examining newborns and infants?

A

Inspection and gentle palpation can be used to assess intracranial pressure and state of hydration.
Bulging = raised intracranial pressure, Sunken = dehydrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the trilaminar arrangement of the calvaria bones?

A

External and internal compact bone and spongy bone in the middle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the compact bone of the calvaria referred to as?

A

Outer compact bone = outer table and inner compact bone = inner table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the advantage of the trilaminar arrangement?

A

confers protective strength without adding significant weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are all the bones of the calvaria covered in?

A

Periosteum covers surface of outer and inner table of skull bones

Strongly adhered to bone edges at suture line and continuous through suture and onto inner table of same bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the clinical significance of the periosteum?

A

extradural Haemorrhage - rupture of MMA between periosteum and inner bone cause periosteum to be pulled off the bone. Blood will pool in this pocket. Periosteum at the sutures cannot be pulled away so blood is restricted to the area. - lentiform shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cranial floor?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which bones make up the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal bone, ethmoid bone, and anterior parts of the body of and the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which bones make up the middle cranial fossa?

A

the body and greater wing of the sphenoid, and the squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the zygomatic arch?

A

Cheekbone. Articulation of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and temporal process of the zygomatic bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?

A

mastoid part of the temporal bone and the squamous, condylar and basilar parts of the occipital bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the petrous part of temporal bone house?

A

middle and inner ear structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What surface landmarks are present on the external occipital bone?
external occipital protuberance, supreme, superior and inferior nuchal line
26
What are the 2 types of cranial vault fractures?
Linear (no bone displacement) or comminuted (multiple fracture lines)
27
What are the 2 types of comminuted fractures?
Depressed (fragements displaced inwards), non- depressed
28
What vessels has an important relationship with the pterion and what can fracture here cause?
Middle meningeal artery, extra dural haemorrhage
29
what is the thinnest area of skull?
pterion - really easy to fracture
30
What are fractures of the skull base called?
Basilar fractures
31
What are 5 different signs that suggest basilar fracture?
Battle's sign, Raccoon eyes, haemotympanum, CSF rhinorrhea, CSF otorrheoa, ear bleeding
32
What is battle's sign?
Bruising over the mastoid process
33
What is raccoon eyes?
periorbital bruising - periorbital echymosis - blood pooling that escaped from fracture
34
What is Haemotympanum?
blood pooling in middle ear cavity
35
What is CSF rhinorrhea?
Cerebrospinal fluid leak from the nose
36
What is CSF otorrhea?
Cerebrospinal fluid leak from the ear
37
what does haemotympanum, battle's sign, bleeding from ear and CSF otorrhea indicate about the basilar fracture?
indicates middle cranial fossa fracture particularly involving petrous bone - blood leaks into cavities of ear and manifest as bleeding out of external ear or pooling in middle ear.
38
what does periorbital ecchymosis or css rhinorrhea with head injury indicate?
anterior cranial fossa fracture rhinorrhea - involving ethmoid bone periorbital ecchymosis - involving orbital plates
39
What are the bones of the viscerocranium?
maxillae (2), mandible, zygomatic (2), lacrimal (2), nasal (2)
40
Which facial bones are most commonly fractured?
Nasal, zygomatic bone and arch, mandible
41
which facial bone fracture is rare?
maxillae
42
What is the supraorbital ridge and what type of injury most commonly occurs here?
A prominence of the frontal bone above the eye caused by the projection of the frontal sinuses. Prone to laceration, tearing of the skin.
43
What is a feature of fractures of the mandible?
usually fractures in 2 places
44
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?
Synovial hinge joint divided into two synovial cavities illed with synovial fluid by fibrocartilaginous disc
45
name 3 conditions that can affect the TMJ
– TMJ disorder – Dislocation (e.g. secondary to trauma, yawning) – Arthritis
46
What is TMJ disorder?
Condition affecting movement of the jaw. Generally gets better on its own(pain [often refers to ear, jaw, lateral side of head*], clicking, locking...)
47
What is the TMJ innervated by?
auriculotemporal nerve | – Branch of mandibular division of trigeminal (Vc)
48
What lines the surface of articulating bones in the TMJ and what divides the joint?
* Articular surfaces of bones lined with fibrocartilage and do not come into direct contact * Separated by fibrocartilaginous disc
49
What stabilises the TMJ?
Capsule and 3 extracapsular ligament
50
What are the articulating parts of the TMJ?
Head of Mandibular condyle, | Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone
51
What movements occur at the TMJ for Depression of the mandible (opening jaw)?
``` 1. Hinge (rotational) action • Inferior half of joint cavity 2. Gliding forward action • Condyle slides onto articular tubercle • Superior half of joint cavity ```
52
What movements occur at the TMJ for Simple retraction and protraction of mandible
Gliding action at superior joint capsule
53
which muscles are involved in elevation of mandible at TMJ?
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid
54
which muscles are involved in depression of mandible at TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid Gravity Against resistance- platysma, suprahyoids assist (while infrahyoids stabilise the hyoid bone)
55
which muscles are involved in protrusion of mandible at TMJ?
``` Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid (assists) ```
56
which muscles are involved in retraction of mandible at TMJ?
Posterior fibres of temporalis (inserts into coronoid process of mandible)
57
which muscles are involved in grinding of mandible at TMJ?
Muscles of two sides working co-operatively (lateral pterygoids laterally deviate mandible)
58
What occurs in dislocation of the TMJ?
Anterior dislocation of the mandibular condyle over the articular tubercle. Jaw becomes locked in open position.
59
What do the muscles around the dislocated TMJ do?
Contract, keep joint locked in anterior displacement
60
what can cause TMJ dislocation?
Facial trauma (blow to side of jaw, especially if open) and yawning can cause TMJ dislocation
61
What are some features of the frontal bone?
Supraorbital ridge, Supraorbital notch, Oribital plate.
62
What are some features of the ethmoid bone?
Cribriform plate, crista galli, superior and middle nasal concha, perpendicular plate.
63
What are the openings of the ethmoid bone?
Cribriform foramina
64
What are some features of the sphenoid bone?
Body, lesser and greater wings, sells turcica, dorsum sellae, anterior and posterior clinoid processes, pterygoid processes.
65
What are some openings of the sphenoid bone?
Superior orbital fissure, Optic canal, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, formamen spinosum.
66
What nerve travels through the formamen rotundum and what space does it open into?
Maxillary nerve (of trigeminal nerve) open into pterygopalatine space
67
What nerve travels through the formamen ovale and what space does it open into?
Mandibular nerve (of trigeminal nerve) open into infra temporal space
68
What are some features of the temporal bone?
Squamous, petrous, mastoid, zygomatic process, tympanic, styloid process, articular fossa for mandible
69
What are some openings in the temporal bone?
Foramen lacerum, External and internal auditory meatus, carotid canal, stylomastoid foramen
70
What are some features of the occipital bone?
External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, articular condyles for atlas, clivus
71
What is the clivus?
Posterior to dorsum sellae, a depression the slopes posteriorly. Pons is located here
72
What are some openings of the occipital bone?
Formane magnum, hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen
73
What are some features of the mandible?
Body, ramps, angle, coronoid process, condylar process, mental protuberance
74
What are some openings of the mandible?
mental foramen, mandibular foramen

Semester 3 - Head and neck (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions