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Psychology > 4. Motivation and wellbeing > Flashcards

4. Motivation and wellbeing Flashcards

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1
Q

Define motivation

A

Motivation is the impetus that gives pupose or direction to behaviour and operates in humans at a conscious or unconsious level.

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2
Q

Define physiological sources of motivation and provide examples.

A

Sources that are directly related to the body’s physical needs and drives. For example, hunger, temperature motive (need for an appropriate body temperature), and the need for sleep.

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3
Q

Define cognition sources of motivation and provide examples.

Different from cognitive needs (hierarchy of needs)

A

Cognition provides clarity on goals and steps for action. It plays a role in self-evaluation, motivating efforts to bridge gaps between the current and desired state. It engages us when processing new information, sparking curiousity.

Cognition includes all forms of knowing and awareness, such as beliefs, reasoning, and imagining.

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4
Q

Define emotion sources of motivation and provide an example.

A

Passion, characterised by strong emotional connection and enthusiasm, enhances motivation to pursue goals. Fear of failure, missing out, or disappointment can boost motivation for hard work.

Emotions are reactions that humans experience in response to events or situations, and these have an influence on motivation.

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5
Q

Define social sources of motivation and provide and example.

A

Motivation arises from relationships, a desire to make others happy, avoid disappointment, or gain approval. Social support, positive feedback, and group expectations contribute.

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6
Q

Self-determination

A

The result of engaging in behaviours without interference or undue influence from other people or external demands.

Refers particularly to behaviours that improve one’s circumstances, such as decision making, problem solving, and self-management.

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7
Q

Self-determination theory - Deci and Ryan (1985)

A

Humans strive for growth, and the need for growth drives behaviour. It emphasises the importance of intrinsic motivation and shows the negative impact of external forces on motivation.

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8
Q

Autonomous motivation

A

When we experience intrinsic motivation and gain knowledge and independence. It is important for a strong sense of self.

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9
Q

Amotivation

A

When an individual perceives themselves as being incompetent at a task, and has little motivation or intention to complete it because of this.

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10
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Motivation driven by external rewards (to varying degrees), which can reduce self-determination/intrinsic motivation as they reduce autonomy.

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11
Q

Over-justification effect (extrinsic motivation)

A

When motivation is controlled by external forces, it can be decreased by giving people an external reward for something they enjoy doing.

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12
Q

Types of extrinsic motivation

A
  • External regulation
  • Introjected regulation
  • Identified regulation
  • Integrated regulation
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13
Q

External regulation and introjected regulation

Types of extrinsic motivation (less self-determined)

A

External regulation is driven by the urge to receive rewards or avoid punishment. Introjected regulation is external regulation that has been internalised.

An example for introjected regulation is fulfilling obligations out of guilt or shame, such as going to a family dinner you don’t enjoy.

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14
Q

Identified regulation and integrated regulation

Types of extrinsic motivation (more self-determined)

A

Identified regulation is driven by conscious valuing of a personal goal. The person identifies with the action or values. Integrated regulation is action performed out of identification, values, and enjoyment (mostly), but also for some personal gain.

An example for identified regulation is protesting for environmental causes. An example for integrated regulation is continuing to work after winning the lotto.

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15
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation driven by internal factors such as interest, excitement, joy, or pleasure at the completion of a task.

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16
Q

Psychological needs for motivation

A

Satisfaction of these needs is related to wellbeing. If they are met, the better our wellbeing, if they are not met it may lead to a state of frustration.
* Autonomy
* Competence
* Relatedness

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17
Q

Autonomy

Psychological needs for motivation

A

People need to feel in control of their behaviour and goals. Autonomy can be increased by providing choice and having other people acknowledge your feelings. It is critical to behaviour being self-determined.

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18
Q

Competence

Psychological needs for motivation

A

The belief in one’s ability to achieve desired outcomes, needed to gain mastery over a task or area. It can be met by receiving positive feedback, and by being given tasks that are challenging but not overwhelming.

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19
Q

Relatedness

Psychological needs for motivation (CAR (self-determination theory))

A

People need to experience a sense of belonging and attachment to other people. Relatedness can provide support, belonging, and emotional fulfillment, but competition can reduce it.

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20
Q

Strengths and limitations of self-determination theory

A

Strengths:
* Has many uses including in the workplace.
* Supported with a range of evidence.
* Has been found to be applicable cross-culturally.

Limitations:
* Lacks falsifiability.
* May not be able to determine individual differences for basic psychological needs.

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21
Q

Application of self-determination theory to real life

A

Education should create an environment where competence, autonomy, and relatedness principles can be achieved.

22
Q

Characteristics of hierarchy of needs

A

Individuals must sufficiently satisfy their more basic needs before they can address their psychological and self-fulfillment needs.

23
Q

Deficiency needs

A

Any need created by a lack of substance required for survival (food, water) or of a state required for wellbeing (security, love).

  • Longer they remain unmet the stronger the motivation.
  • When more or less met we become habitually directed to address the next level up.
24
Q

Physiological

Deficiency needs

Different from physiological sources of motivation

A

Any of the requirements for survival, such as food, water, oxygen, and sleep. If these needs aren’t satisfied the human body can’t function optimally.

25
Q

Safety

Deficiency needs

A

Freedom from illness and danger and a secure, familiar, and predictable environment. People desire order, predictability, and control in their lives.

E.g., emotional and financial security, law and order, freedom from fear, social stability, property, and health and wellbeing.

26
Q

Love and belongingness

Deficiency needs

A

The need for interpersonal relationships motivates behaviour. Striving for affiliation and acceptance.

E.g., friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).

27
Q

Esteem

Deficiency needs

A

Any desire for achievement, reputation, or prestige that is necessary for a sense of personal value and self-esteem. Esteem needs are largely dependent upon the admiration and approval of others.

Two categories:
* Esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence).
* Desire for reputation or respect from others (status, prestige).

28
Q

Growth needs

A

Do not stem from a lack of something, but from the desire to grow as a person. First requires satisfaction of deficiency needs.

29
Q

Self-actualisation

Growth needs

A

Reaching one’s full potential. The ultimate state of being that all individuals are striving to attain.
* Complete realisation of one’s capability.
* Maximum development of abilities.
* Full involvement in and appreciation for life, particularly through peak experiences.

30
Q

Strengths of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  • It is widely used in health and social work as a framework for assessing clients’ needs.
  • Simple and understandable.
31
Q

Characteristics of a self-actualised person

A
  • Accept their own and others’ flaws.
  • Independent, not reliant on culture to form views.
  • Constant appreciation of life’s basic goods.
  • Experience moments of awe, ecstasy, or sudden insight into life (peak experiences).
32
Q

Limitations of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  • Very subjective data collection method (personal opinion), prone to experimenter bias, reduces the validity of research.
  • Sample was predominantly well-educated white males, difficult to generalise theory to females and other individuals from different social classes or ethnicities.
33
Q

Application of hierarchy of needs to real life

A
  • It is widely used in health and social work as a framework for assessing clients’ needs.
  • Applications include workplace motivation, education, counselling, and nursing.
34
Q

Cognitive

Growth needs

A

Knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning and predictability. Facilitates personal growth, comprehension, and a deeper understanding of life.

Following characteristics are demonstrated:
* Need to learn, explore, discover, and create.
* Need to increase their intelligence and chase knowledge.

35
Q

Aesthetic

Growth needs

A

Appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form. Folllowing characteristics are demonstrated:
* Experiences satisfaction from order and beauty.
* Appreciates the pursuit of art, music, and nature.

36
Q

Transcendence

Growth needs

A

Motivated by values beyond the personal self. Following characteristics are demonstrated:
* Altruism
* Helps others reach their potential.
* Driven by factors that do not personally affect them.

37
Q

Wellbeing

A

A state of happiness and contentment, with low levels of distress, overall good physical and mental health and outlook, or good quality of life.

38
Q

Subjective wellbeing

A

People’s cognitive and affective evaluations of their lives. Subjective - how people perceive, not necessarily based on objective factors such as wealth or comfort.

Both in general and specific circumstances. Tends to be stable over time but emotional aspect can be affected by situation.

39
Q

Life satisfaction

A

How satisfied an individual is with their life, and their satisfaction with specific domains (family life, career). We compare our perceived status against our own standards of desirability (subjective).

40
Q

Affective balance

A

The ratio (balance) between positive and negative emotions that an individual experiences in their daily life. It can be considered in terms of momentary emotional states as well as long-term.

High SWB - frequent and intense positive states (joy, hope, pride) and general absence of negative ones (anger, jealousy, disappointment).

41
Q

Relation between affective balance and life satisfaction

A

An individual can have a positive affective balance, experiencing more positive than negative emotions, but still have low life satisfaction due to other factors, and vice versa.

E.g. unfulfilling relationship or career, strong social support system.

42
Q

How to improve affective balance

A

Engage in activities that promote positive emotions such as spending time with family and friends, practicing gratitude, engaging in hobbies, and exercising regularly.

43
Q

How to improve life satisfaction

A

individuals can focus on improving their relationships, career, and health.

44
Q

Measurement tool for subjective wellbeing model

A

Affective balance and life satisfaction are generally measured using self-report tools, such as the SWLS (satisfaction with life scale).

45
Q

Psychological wellbeing

A

It is attained by achieving a state of balance, affected by both challenging and rewarding life events.

Psychological is anything of, affecting, or arising in the mind. It is related to the mental and emotional state of a person.

46
Q

Autonomy

Psychological wellbeing (different from psychological needs)

A

The capacity to think independently, make decisions free from social pressure, and regulate our behaviour in line with our internal values and beliefs.

High autonomy: Self-determining and independent, evaluate themself by personal standards.
Low autonomy: Concerned about the expectations and evaluations of others, conform to social pressures.

47
Q

Environmental mastery

Psychological wellbeing

A

The capacity to effectively manage one’s life and surrounding world.

High environmental mastery: Sense of competence in managing and making effective use of environment and opportunities.
Low environmental mastery: Feel unable to change or control environment, difficulty managing everyday affairs.

48
Q

Personal growth

Psychological wellbeing

A

(Strong personal growth:) Feelings of continued development, openness to new experiences, realisation of one’s potential and improvement in self, change that reflects greater self-knowledge.

Weak personal growth: Sense of stagnation, lack a sense of improvement or expansion, bored and disinterested with life, unable to develop new attitudes or behaviours.

49
Q

Positive relations with others

Psychological wellbeing

A

Humans are social beings which need quality relationships. Our ability to emphasise, connect, and love. Authentic connections in which both sides benefit.

Strong positive relations: Satisfying and trusting relationships with others, concerned about others’ welfare.
Weak positive relations: Find it difficult to be warm and open, isolated and frustrated in interpersonal relationships.

50
Q

Purpose in life

Psychological wellbeing

A

Having a clear understanding of direction in life, and aims or goals that guide behaviour and decision making. Gives life meaning, providing a framework to interpret events with.

Strong purpose: Feel there is meaning in life, holds beliefs that give life meaning.
Weak purpose: Have few aims or goals, don’t see purpose of one’s past, no outlook or beliefs that give life meaning.

51
Q

Self-acceptance

Psychological wellbeing

A

(High self-acceptance:) Positive attitude towards oneself, acknowledgment and acceptance of multiple aspects of self, including good and bad qualities, positive feelings about one’s past.

Low self-acceptance: Feel dissatisfied with oneself and disappointed with past, troubled about certain personal qualities, wish to be different than what one is.

52
Q

Measurement tool for six factor model of psychological wellbeing.

A

Ryff scale of measurement is a Likert scale in which the individual self-reports/rates on a scale of 1 to 6.

1 - strongly disagree to 6 - strongly agree.

Psychology (6 decks)

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