4 minerals

Question 1

atoms, isotopes and ions

Answer 1

Protons, neutrons, electrons
Change the number of protons
Change the element (He = 2 protons; Li = 3 protons)
Change the number of neutrons
Change the isotope (4He = 2 neutrons; 6He = 4 neutrons)
Change the number of electrons?
Creates positive and negative ions
Losing an electron = positively charged ion
Gaining an electron = negatively charged ion
Attraction between + and – binds ions together

Question 2

bonding

Answer 2

Ionic: Giving/taking electrons
Covalent: Sharing electrons

Question 3

states of matter caused by what?

Answer 3

Pressure and temperature
Determine the STATE in which matter exists

Question 4

mineral requirements

Answer 4

Naturally occurring
Inorganic (not made by biological processes)
Solid
Specific internal structure
Specific chemical composition
With defined, limited variation
Specific physical properties

Question 5

Mineral reqs (mr): solid

Answer 5

Minerals must have a crystalline structure
Solids lacking an internal atomic order are called glasses

Question 6

mr specific internal structure

Answer 6

Controls the physical properties of minerals
Geometry of the atomic packing
Type of bonding

Question 7

physical properties of a mineral:

Answer 7

Crystal form: Arrangement of atoms in the mineral dictate the crystal form
Cleavage: Reflection of planes of weakness within the crystal structure. Concoidal fracture
When the mineral doesn’t have a plane of weakness
Hardness
Density
Color
Luster
Streak
Magnetism

Question 8

Cleavage

Answer 8

Reflection of planes of weakness within the crystal structure. Concoidal fracture
When the mineral doesn’t have a plane of weakness

Question 9

hardness

Answer 9

resistance to scratching: Reflects the strength of the atomic bonds in the crystal structure

Question 10

Mohs Hardness Scale

Answer 10

the difference between each of these is not equal but the order is correct
1Talc
2Gypsum
3Calcite
4Fluorite
5Apatite
6Orthoclase
7Quartz
8Topaz
9Corundum
10Diamond

Question 11

Density

Answer 11

Depends upon the KINDS of elements in the mineral and how CLOSELY packed they are

Question 12

Color

Answer 12

Not so helpful, sadly

Question 13

Luster

Answer 13

Appearance of reflected light
Controlled by bonding between atoms

Question 14

Streak

Answer 14

Color of mineral in powdered form (not always the same color as mineral)

Question 15

Magnetism

Answer 15

Only a very few minerals are strongly magnetic (magnetite)

Question 16

Crystallization and destruction

Answer 16

Crystallization
-Addition of ions to the crystal face
-Unrestricted
Crystal form
-Restricted
Takes on the shape of the space
Internal structure is the same

Destruction
Melting
Dissolving
Recrystallizing

Question 17

Crystallization

Answer 17

Solidification
From molten rock

Precipitation
Out of solution
Gases or liquids

Biomineralization
Not truly minerals (organic!)
Production of “minerals” by organisms

Diffusion
Atoms migrating through the crystals and creating new minerals

Question 18

Major rock forming minerals: silica

Answer 18

Silicates
95% of the Earth’s crust
Based on the arrangement of the silica tetrahedron=silica center with four oxygens attached in pyramid shape around it

Question 19

common crustal silicates in order of increased complexity and decreased temp.

Answer 19

Common crustal silicates:
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Micas
Two types: muscovite and biotite
Feldspars
Two types: potassium feldspar and plagioclase feldspar
Quartz

Question 20

Silicate groups

Answer 20

felsic and masic

Question 21

felsic

Answer 21

Rich in silica and aluminum
Generally light colored
Low density
Crystallize in low temperature
More common in the continental crust

Feldspar
Quartz
Muscovite Mica

Question 22

mafic

Answer 22

Rich in iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg)
Generally dark colored
Higher density
Crystallize in high temperature
More common in the oceanic crust

Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Biotite Mica

Question 23

f: feldspar

Answer 23

Feldspar
Good cleavage, hardness of 6
Most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust
Potassium feldspar
Plagioclase feldspar
Chemically breaks down relatively easily

Question 24

f: quartz

Answer 24

Conchoidal fracture, hardness of 7
Very stable
Doesn’t chemically break down easily

Question 25

F: muscovite mica

Answer 25

Perfect one-directional cleavage
Break into little sheets

Question 26

M: olivine

Answer 26

Olivine
High density
Glassy luster
Usually found in basalt

Question 27

M: pyroxene

Answer 27

Pyroxene
Two directions of same degree cleavage

Question 28

M: Amphibole

Answer 28

Two directions of different degree cleavage

Question 29

M: biotite mica

Answer 29

Perfect one-directional cleavage
Break into little sheets

Question 30

olivine is always what

Answer 30

green

Question 31

major rock forming minerals

Answer 31

Silicates
95% of the Earth’s crust
Based on the silica tetrahedron
Arrangement of silica tetrahedron

Non-silicates
Usually carbonates or sulfates
Often economically important

Question 32

non silicate minerals

Answer 32

Calcite (CaCO3)
Rhombohedral cleavage
Hardness of 3, fizzes in HCl acid
Precipitates out of the oceans

Halite (NaCl)
Rock salt!
Cubic cleavage, tastes salty
Formed by evaporation of seawater or salt lakes

Gypsum (CaSO4 + water)
Hardness of 2, can be clear
Formed by evaporation of saline lakes

Oxides
Ore minerals!
Some are magnetic