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Metabolism of Food Components > 4 Metabolism of Minerals > Flashcards

4 Metabolism of Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Macro minerals

A

Ca, K, P, S, Na, Mg

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2
Q

Micro minerals

A

Fe, Zn, Cu, I

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3
Q

General functions of minerals

A

Cofactor for enzyme metabolism
Structural function
body acid-base and fluid balance
help nerve and muscle function
other unique functions

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4
Q

Signs of deficiency and excess of Ca

A
  • osteomalasia, osteoporosis, rickets, tetany

+ stone formation, often assct with vit D deficiency

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5
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of Mg

A
  • fatigue, anxiety,insomnia, muscle problems, nausea, low bone density, and arrhythmias

+ kidney failure and stomach cramps

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6
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of P

A
  • anemia, bone demineralization, neurological disorders, breathing, fatigue, weight loss

+ impaired absorption of other minerals

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7
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of K

A
  • tetany, muscle paralysis

+ arrythmia and heart attack

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8
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of Na

A
  • low blood pressire, paralysis, fever, breathing problems

+ dehydration and hypernatremia, high blood pressure

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8
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of S

A
  • effect in protein synthesis disorders (eg muscle weakness)

+ allergies, skin irritation, kidney problems

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9
Q

Sources of Ca

A

milk, cheese, egg, vegetables, fish, fruits, meat

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10
Q

Function of Ca

A
  • Structural
    OSTEOBLAST new bone formation
    OSTEOCLAST aged bone resorption
  • Body coordination
    muscle contraction
    nerve signal transmission
    vision
    blood glucose regulation
    cell division
    cofactor of energy metabolism
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11
Q

Ca homeostasis depends on

A
  1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    secreted by parathyroid gland, triggered by low Ca conc in serum, activates Ca reabsorption in kidney and from bone to blood
  2. Vitamin D
    Triggered by high PTH levels. leads to high level of Ca absorption in intestine
  3. Calcitonin
    Secreted by thyroid glad, works reverse ti PTH function, reduce Ca in serum
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12
Q

Best Ca:P ratio in diet

A

1:1 to 2:1

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13
Q

Main component in bone

A

hydroxyapatite
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

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14
Q

Sources of P

A

Milk, fish, cheese, meat, egg, chicken

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15
Q

Sources of Mg

A

Grains, nuts, spinach, whole wheat, mackerel, eggs, avocado, broccoli

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16
Q

Function of Mg

A
  • enzyme cofactor
  • energy production
  • muscle contraction/relaxation, vasomotor tone, heart rhythm, bone health
  • protein functions
  • DNA and RNA synthesis
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17
Q

Sources of Na

A

Table salt
fast food
precessed food w additive
milk and its derivative

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18
Q

Function of Na

A

nerve signal transmisison
maintain body fluid and acid-base balance
heartbeat
muscle contraction

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19
Q

Explain mechanism of hypertension

A

High conc of Na extrecellular, unbalanced osmotic pressure, intracellular fluid moves out, blood and extracellular fluid volume expants, blood pressure increases

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20
Q

minimum and daily req of Na

A

min: 500mg
daily req: 2400mg

21
Q

Na homeostasis

A

WHEN Na HIGH
- kidney increases Na extretion
- blood Na reduced

WHEN Na LOW
- adrenal gland increases aldosterone decretion
- Na reapsorption by kidney increases
- blood Na increases

22
Q

Sources of K

A

peanuts, tomato, avocado, carrot, cassava, fish

23
Q

Function of K

A
  • Main ion in intracellular fluid
  • Req to maintain electrical potential in nerves
  • Helps performance of muscles and nerve tissue
24
Sources of S
meat, fish, eggs, cheese, tea, cocoa, apricot
25
Function of S
Reduce toxin formation, healthy skin, nail, ahir, main parts of Met and Cys
26
Sources of Fe
Meat, liver, fish, seafood, green leafy vegetavles, legumes, cereals
27
Different forms of Fe
Fe3+ ferric Fe2+ ferrous
28
Functions of iron
* haemoglobin (in red blood cells, 4 protein subunits + 4 iron containing heme groups, delivery of O2 to cells and picks up CO2) * myoglobin (in muscle cells, heme group + protein subunit, releases O2 for ATP production and muscle contraction) * cofactor (in ETC; citric acid cycle; gluconeogenesis; to make DNA; and for antioxidant enzymes) * cytochromes (heme containing complexes in ETC, converts ADP to ATP) * protects DNA, cell membranes and proteins
29
symptoms of mild iron deficiency
* fatigue * impaired physical work performance * behavioral abnormalities * impaired intellectual abilities in children * influences immune system
30
symptoms of severe iron deficiency
* iron deficiency anemia * small, pale red blood cells * inability to produce enough heme * decreased ability to carry O2 * decreased ATP synthesis
31
causes of iron deficiency anaemia
* poor iron intake * diet with low bioavailable iron (eg vegetarians or infacts not supplemented with iron fortified cereal/formula after 6 mo) * non-nutritional cause: blood loss
32
Who are most susceptible to iron deficiency?
* pregnant women (who have not been taking Fe supplements) * infants and children * menstruating females * older adults
33
how is iron distributed in the body?
1. Ferritin (iron storage form in cell) 2. Ferroportin (channel protein to facilitate Fe mvt in and out of cell) 3. Transferrin (Fe binding protein to distribute it through blood vessel)
34
how much iron is lost per day
1-2 mg
35
Iron is deposited in
* liver * heart * muscle
36
Symptoms of Fe as toxin
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Constipation Black feces
37
Function of iodine
* thyroxine hormone component * Essential for metabolism, temperature, reproduction and growth
38
Iodine requirement
120-150 micrograms/day
39
Absorption of iodine
absorbed by small intestine and stomach taken up by thyroid gland, regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone
40
Signs of iodine deficiency
severe fatigue lethargy
41
How to increase iodine consumption
iodine fortificaton in table salt, in the form of KIO3 or KI
42
Function of zinc
* construct many enzymes * help antioxidants * insulin secretion * scar healing * stabilize vitamin A levels
43
Zinc deficiency can cause
* mental disorders * inflammation *thymic athropy * skin lesions * infertility * growth retardation * cancer development
44
Sources of copper
Shellfish Legumes Chocolate Mushroom Salmon Avocado
45
Function of copper
* SOD enzyme formation * required in the synthesis of haemoglobin, melanin, phospholipid * bone and nerve growth
46
Requirement of copper
700-900 micrograms/day
47
Sources of Selenium
meat, fish, shellfish, egg, legumes
48
Function of selenium
* component of glutathione peroxidase * maintain cell integrity * scavenge heavy metals
49
selenium requirements
19-29 micrograms/day

Metabolism of Food Components (5 decks)

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