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Metabolism of Food Components > 4 Metabolism of Minerals > Flashcards

4 Metabolism of Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

Macro minerals

A

Ca, K, P, S, Na, Mg

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2
Q

Micro minerals

A

Fe, Zn, Cu, I

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3
Q

General functions of minerals

A

Cofactor for enzyme metabolism
Structural function
body acid-base and fluid balance
help nerve and muscle function
other unique functions

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4
Q

Signs of deficiency and excess of Ca

A
  • osteomalasia, osteoporosis, rickets, tetany

+ stone formation, often assct with vit D deficiency

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5
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of Mg

A
  • fatigue, anxiety,insomnia, muscle problems, nausea, low bone density, and arrhythmias

+ kidney failure and stomach cramps

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6
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of P

A
  • anemia, bone demineralization, neurological disorders, breathing, fatigue, weight loss

+ impaired absorption of other minerals

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7
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of K

A
  • tetany, muscle paralysis

+ arrythmia and heart attack

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8
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of Na

A
  • low blood pressire, paralysis, fever, breathing problems

+ dehydration and hypernatremia, high blood pressure

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8
Q

signs of deficiency and excess of S

A
  • effect in protein synthesis disorders (eg muscle weakness)

+ allergies, skin irritation, kidney problems

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9
Q

Sources of Ca

A

milk, cheese, egg, vegetables, fish, fruits, meat

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10
Q

Function of Ca

A
  • Structural
    OSTEOBLAST new bone formation
    OSTEOCLAST aged bone resorption
  • Body coordination
    muscle contraction
    nerve signal transmission
    vision
    blood glucose regulation
    cell division
    cofactor of energy metabolism
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11
Q

Ca homeostasis depends on

A
  1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    secreted by parathyroid gland, triggered by low Ca conc in serum, activates Ca reabsorption in kidney and from bone to blood
  2. Vitamin D
    Triggered by high PTH levels. leads to high level of Ca absorption in intestine
  3. Calcitonin
    Secreted by thyroid glad, works reverse ti PTH function, reduce Ca in serum
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12
Q

Best Ca:P ratio in diet

A

1:1 to 2:1

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13
Q

Main component in bone

A

hydroxyapatite
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

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14
Q

Sources of P

A

Milk, fish, cheese, meat, egg, chicken

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15
Q

Sources of Mg

A

Grains, nuts, spinach, whole wheat, mackerel, eggs, avocado, broccoli

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16
Q

Function of Mg

A
  • enzyme cofactor
  • energy production
  • muscle contraction/relaxation, vasomotor tone, heart rhythm, bone health
  • protein functions
  • DNA and RNA synthesis
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17
Q

Sources of Na

A

Table salt
fast food
precessed food w additive
milk and its derivative

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18
Q

Function of Na

A

nerve signal transmisison
maintain body fluid and acid-base balance
heartbeat
muscle contraction

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19
Q

Explain mechanism of hypertension

A

High conc of Na extrecellular, unbalanced osmotic pressure, intracellular fluid moves out, blood and extracellular fluid volume expants, blood pressure increases

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20
Q

minimum and daily req of Na

A

min: 500mg
daily req: 2400mg

21
Q

Na homeostasis

A

WHEN Na HIGH
- kidney increases Na extretion
- blood Na reduced

WHEN Na LOW
- adrenal gland increases aldosterone decretion
- Na reapsorption by kidney increases
- blood Na increases

22
Q

Sources of K

A

peanuts, tomato, avocado, carrot, cassava, fish

23
Q

Function of K

A
  • Main ion in intracellular fluid
  • Req to maintain electrical potential in nerves
  • Helps performance of muscles and nerve tissue
24
Q

Sources of S

A

meat, fish, eggs, cheese, tea, cocoa, apricot

25
Q

Function of S

A

Reduce toxin formation, healthy skin, nail, ahir, main parts of Met and Cys

26
Q

Sources of Fe

A

Meat, liver, fish, seafood, green leafy vegetavles, legumes, cereals

27
Q

Different forms of Fe

A

Fe3+ ferric
Fe2+ ferrous

28
Q

Functions of iron

A
  • haemoglobin
    (in red blood cells, 4 protein subunits + 4 iron containing heme groups, delivery of O2 to cells and picks up CO2)
  • myoglobin
    (in muscle cells, heme group + protein subunit, releases O2 for ATP production and muscle contraction)
  • cofactor
    (in ETC; citric acid cycle; gluconeogenesis; to make DNA; and for antioxidant enzymes)
  • cytochromes
    (heme containing complexes in ETC, converts ADP to ATP)
  • protects DNA, cell membranes and proteins
29
Q

symptoms of mild iron deficiency

A
  • fatigue
  • impaired physical work performance
  • behavioral abnormalities
  • impaired intellectual abilities in children
  • influences immune system
30
Q

symptoms of severe iron deficiency

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • small, pale red blood cells
  • inability to produce enough heme
  • decreased ability to carry O2
  • decreased ATP synthesis
31
Q

causes of iron deficiency anaemia

A
  • poor iron intake
  • diet with low bioavailable iron (eg vegetarians or infacts not supplemented with iron fortified cereal/formula after 6 mo)
  • non-nutritional cause: blood loss
32
Q

Who are most susceptible to iron deficiency?

A
  • pregnant women (who have not been taking Fe supplements)
  • infants and children
  • menstruating females
  • older adults
33
Q

how is iron distributed in the body?

A
  1. Ferritin
    (iron storage form in cell)
  2. Ferroportin
    (channel protein to facilitate Fe mvt in and out of cell)
  3. Transferrin
    (Fe binding protein to distribute it through blood vessel)
34
Q

how much iron is lost per day

A

1-2 mg

35
Q

Iron is deposited in

A
  • liver
  • heart
  • muscle
36
Q

Symptoms of Fe as toxin

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Constipation
Black feces

37
Q

Function of iodine

A
  • thyroxine hormone component
  • Essential for metabolism, temperature, reproduction and growth
38
Q

Iodine requirement

A

120-150 micrograms/day

39
Q

Absorption of iodine

A

absorbed by small intestine and stomach
taken up by thyroid gland, regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone

40
Q

Signs of iodine deficiency

A

severe fatigue
lethargy

41
Q

How to increase iodine consumption

A

iodine fortificaton in table salt, in the form of KIO3 or KI

42
Q

Function of zinc

A
  • construct many enzymes
  • help antioxidants
  • insulin secretion
  • scar healing
  • stabilize vitamin A levels
43
Q

Zinc deficiency can cause

A
  • mental disorders
  • inflammation
    *thymic athropy
  • skin lesions
  • infertility
  • growth retardation
  • cancer development
44
Q

Sources of copper

A

Shellfish
Legumes
Chocolate
Mushroom
Salmon
Avocado

45
Q

Function of copper

A
  • SOD enzyme formation
  • required in the synthesis of haemoglobin, melanin, phospholipid
  • bone and nerve growth
46
Q

Requirement of copper

A

700-900 micrograms/day

47
Q

Sources of Selenium

A

meat, fish, shellfish, egg, legumes

48
Q

Function of selenium

A
  • component of glutathione peroxidase
  • maintain cell integrity
  • scavenge heavy metals
49
Q

selenium requirements

A

19-29 micrograms/day

Metabolism of Food Components (5 decks)

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