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Metabolism of Food Components > 3. Metabolism of vitamins > Flashcards

3. Metabolism of vitamins Flashcards

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1
Q

what is vitamin?

A

organic compound required in trace number in our body to conduct metabolism function, body protection, and optimize the growth process

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2
Q

classification of vitamins based on their solubility

A
  1. water soluble: B C
  2. Fat-soluble: ADEK
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3
Q

Differences between fat (1) and water-soluble (2) vitamins?

A

Solubility: fat is soluble in fat/oil, water is soluble in water
Absorption: (1) follows fat pathway, (2) is simple
Storage: (1) is stored in liver, (2) is unable to be stored
Excess consumption: (1) toxic, (2) not toxic
Deficiency: (1) slow manifestation, (2) fast manifestation
Supply: (1) single high-dose, (2) regularly following diet

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4
Q

Function and sources of vit A,D,E,K

A
  1. A: needed for vision, healthy skin and mucous membranes, bone and teeth growth, immune system. Animal sources (retinol): fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver. Plant sources (Beta-carotene): leafy, dark green vegetables, dark orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (carrots, winter squash, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)
  2. D: needed for proper absorption of calcium: stored in bones. Sources: egg yolks, liver, fatty fish, fortified milk, fortified margarine. When exposed to sunlight, skin can make vit D
  3. E: antioxidant, protects cell walls. Sources: Polyunsaturated plant oils (soybean, corn, cottonseed, safflower): leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, whole grain products, liver, egg yolks, nuts and seeds
  4. K: needed for proper blood clotting. Sources: leafy green vegetables such as kale, collard greens, and spinach, green vegetables such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, and asparagus. Also produced in intestinal tract by bacteria
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5
Q

In metabolism of macronutrient,
1. carbs are broken down by …. into monosaccharides
2. fatty acids and glycerol are turned into …. by niacin
3. Proteins are broken down by …. into amino acids
4. Amino acids are turned into monosaccharides by …
5. Acetyl coa are turned into CO2 + H2O and energy by …..

A
  1. vitamin b-6
  2. lipids
  3. niacin
  4. biotin
  5. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, copper, folate, b-12, iron
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6
Q

explain absorption process of fat-soluble vitamins

A

lipid droplets + bile salts, emulsification, emulstion droplets, digestion by lipase (hydrolysis) produces free fatty acids + bile salts -> micelles (absorption) -> epithelial cell layer

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7
Q

Chemical structure of active forms vit a and pro vit a

A

active forms:
- retinol: ujungnya CJ2OH
- retinal (retinaldehyde), ujungnya CHO
- retinoic acid: ujungnya COOH

pro vit a (beta carotene): ujungnya sama kayak yg awal

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8
Q

functions of vitamin A

A
  1. normal vision- formation of rhodopsin (retinal pigment) form retinal and opsin
  2. normal integrity and growth of epithelial cells, which moisten linings of the eye, respiratory and GI tracts
  3. collagen production- teeth, bones, cartilage, tendons, and connective tossue
  4. normal reproduction
  5. promotion of cellular differentiation
  6. normal membrane integrity and function
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9
Q

vision process

A

light energy -> rhodopsin -> opsin -> retinal -> signal to brain

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10
Q

abnormal vitamin a status

A

deficiency: night blindness, keratinization of mucus-forming cells, xerophthalmia (dried and turbid eye), keratomalacia (dried cornea)

excess:
skin: redness and dried, hypercalcemia, liver: toxicity and hyperlipidemia, nerve system: headache, nausea, anorexia

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11
Q

vitamin D chemical structure

A

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) gaada OH
25-hydrocylvitamin D3 (calcidiol): ada OH

active form: 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D3 (calcitriol)

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12
Q

explain process of vitamin D synthesis from sunlight

A

When skin is in contact with sunlight, 7-dehydrocholesterol is turned into previt D3 -> D3 (cholecalciferol). in blood, DBP (vit. D binding protein) is converted into DBP-D3 by the help of D3. Liver would help turn DBP-D3 into D3 and eventually 25 OH D3 (calcidiol). In kidey, 25-OH D3 would be converted in 1, 25-OH D3 (calcitriol) active and inactive compound which is 24,25-OH D3.

Calcitriol increases Ca++ transport (intestine) and Ca++ resorption in bone

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13
Q

Vitamin D abnormal status

A

Deficiency:
- osteomalacia (adult) and rickets (kids)
- hypervitaminosis D: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, hypertension, drowsiness, polyuria and polydipsia, kidney failure, hyperkalemia

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14
Q

Vitamin E structure most active form?

A

alpha tocopherol. yang gaada double bond di straight chain dan garis lengkap di ring

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15
Q

Function of vitamin E

A
  • reproduction: protect and preserve fertility performance
  • clotting mechanism and help blood flow
  • electron transport system as cofactor
  • liver damage protection
  • avoid oxidation of vit E and carotene

main function: fat-soluble antioxidant

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16
Q

Antioxidant mechanism of vit E

A
  • Radical lipid or peroxide (LOO) will be neutralized by α-tokoferol (vitamin E)
  • This α-tokoferol will be oxidized and become tocopheroxyl radical
  • This compound then can be neutralized by ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol will be generated again
  • Ascorbyl radical is more stable and easy to excrete through kidney
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17
Q

Vitamin K structures

A
  1. Natural: phylloquinone (K1), menaquinone-4 (K2)
  2. Synthesis: menadione (K3)
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18
Q

Function of vit K

A

blood clotting, helps in calcium-binding protein in bone synthesis

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19
Q

Why is vit K deficiency in pregnant women dangerous?

A

it can lead to an extreme bleeding to her newborn baby as newborns are not able to produce vit k independently

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20
Q

blood clotting process kata gw baca slide aj soalnya banyak angka

A
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21
Q

fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by the aid of …

A

thrombin

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22
Q

What are vitamin B complex?

A

B1 (thiamin)
B2 (riboflavin)
B3 (niacin)
B5 (pantothenic acid)
B6 (pyridoxine)
Biotin
Folic acid
B12 (Cobalamin)

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23
Q

Water-soluble vitamin loss during this process:

A

blanching, cooking, heating, and irradiation, drying, cutting, peeling

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24
Q

vitamin c chemical structure

A

ada 4 OH, 1 double bond O

25
Q

function of vitamin c

A
  1. antioxidant
    - can scavenge free radical directly
    - synergism work with vit E
  2. help iron absorption
    - vit c reduces free ferric ion (Fe3+) to ferro ion (Fe2+) to make it easy to absorb
  3. forming supportive tissue (osteoid, collagen)
    - vit c help hydroxylation of proline and lysine to hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine which create crosslink to build the tissue
  4. hemoglobin metabolism
    - reconvert met-hemoglobin to hemoglobin
26
Q

hydroxylation of proline and lysine to hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine is aided by …

A

vit c

27
Q

absorption of vit c mechanism

A
  1. in intestine, AA can be oxidized to DHAA
  2. AA is absorbed to enterocyte through SLC23A1 (SVCT 1) transporter, while DHAA through glucose transporter (GLUT)
  3. In enterocyte, DHAA can be reduced again to AA
  4. AA can be transported in blood stream
28
Q

vitamin c ingestion

A

ingestion -> intestine -> distributed throughout all organs -> plasma -> intestinal and renal epithelium

29
Q

in collagen synthesis, AA is required to change … and … to … and ….

A

proline and lysine
hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine.

both residues in protein structure help the collagen strings formation

30
Q

vitamin c and vitamin e synergism as antioxidant

A
  1. alpha tocopherol will turn radical lipid into lipid.
  2. alpha tocopherol radical will be converted back into alpha tocopherol by the help of ascorbate -> DHA
31
Q

lack of vit c causes

A

scurvy

32
Q

folic acid deficiency effect

A
  • megaloblastic anemia
  • neural tube defects (NTD) in newborn baby
33
Q

b1 (thiamin) deficiency effect

A

beri-beri: wet and dry
cardio and nerve disease

34
Q

what causes pellagra?

A

lack of niacin (B3)

35
Q

what causes glossitis and cheilosis and angular stomatitis?

A

b2 (riboflavin) deficiency

36
Q

what’s the function of B6?

A

helps carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
helps nerve system

37
Q

what’s the function of B12 (cobalamin)?

A
  • produces red blood cells, nerve, and synthesizing DNA
  • homocysteine metabolism
38
Q

isocitrate is converted to alpha ketoglutarate by what vitamin?

A

B3 and NADH. lengkapnya cek slides

39
Q

active form of B1?

A

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), it has phosphate functional group

40
Q

in which processes are TPP used?

A
  1. ribose 5-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. it accompanies transketolase
  2. pyruvate to acetyl coA. it accompanies pyruvate dehydrogenase
  3. in krebs(citric acid) cycle, from alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl coA. it accompanies alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  4. branched chain alpha ketoacids to branched chain acyl coA in branched amino acid catabolic pathway. it accompanies BCKDH (branched chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase)
41
Q

vit b1 sources

A

meat, fish, beef, legumes, cereals, fruits, vegetables

42
Q

vit b2 sources

A

meat, fish, beef, legumes, cereals, fruits, vegetables

43
Q

chemical structure of b2

A
  • flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
  • flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
  • riboflavin
44
Q

what do riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide have in common?

A

isoalloxazine ring system

45
Q

metabolism related to vit b2

A
  • succinate to fumarate in krebs cycle
  • acyl coA to trans-enoyl CoA in fat beta oxidation
46
Q

vit b3 sources

A

cereals, whole grain bread, almonds, mushroom, tomato, carrot, eggs, poultry, spinach, cereals

47
Q

vit b3 chemical structures differences

A

nicotinic acid has carboxyl function
nicotinamide has amide function

vitamin b3 is made of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

48
Q

vit b6 sources

A

meat, fish, beef, legumes, cereals, fruits, vegetable

49
Q

chemical structures of vit b6

A

pyridoxal phosphate
pyritinol
pyridoxamine
pyridoxine

50
Q

which vit b6 structures are most stable and found in animal?

A
  • most stable pyridoxamine: found in plant banana walnut
  • pyridoxal found in animal: sirloin, salmon, light meat
51
Q

role of vit b6 (pyridoxal) in serotonin synthesis

A

converts 5 hydroxy tryptophan to 5-OH-tryptamine (serotonin).

52
Q

vit b12 sources

A

liver, egg, salmon, shrimp, cheese

53
Q

chemical structures of vit b12 (-R function)

A

5’-deoxidenosyl : adenosylcobalamin
CN: cyanocobalamin
CH3: metylcobalamin
H2O/OH: hydroxylcobalamin

54
Q

absorption of vit b12

A
  1. food protein -B12 (diet)
  2. transcobalamin 1 - B12 (stomach)
    TC 1 is made by salivary gland
  3. intrinsic factor - B12 (duodenum) IF is made by gastric parietal cell
  4. transcobalamin 2 - B12 (ileum): TC 2 is made by ileal enterocyte
55
Q

folic acid sources

A

liver, fruits, legumes, green vegetables, cereals

56
Q

folic acid chemical structure

A

2-amino-4hydroxypteridine
p-aminobenzoic acid
poly-glutamate

57
Q

function of folate

A

in DNA synthesis (dTMP)
deoxythymidine monophosphate
folic acid which is converted into DHF -> THF -> 5,10-Methylene THF will turn dUMP into DTMP

58
Q

what are:
- NTD
- Megaloblastic anemia
- glossitis

A

NTD: imperfect of tube forming in posterior and anterior neuropore
Megaloblastic anemia: imperfect of red blood cell forming
Glossitis: imperfect of mucosa tissue forming

59
Q

correlation of vitamin B6, B12, and folate with homocysteine

A
  • Radical lipid or peroxide (LOOo

) will be neutralized by α-tokoferol

(vitamin E)
* This α-tokoferol will be oxidized and become tocopheroxyl radical

  • This compound then can be neutralized by ascorbic acid and α-
    tocopherol will be generated again
  • Ascorbyl radical is more stable and easy to excrete through kidney

Metabolism of Food Components (5 decks)

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