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Psych 230 exam 2 > 4. Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior > Flashcards

4. Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

The mature human brain has over _______ neurons and _______ synaptic connections

A

80 billion, 100 trillion

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2
Q

The developing nervous system relies on:

A

genetic info, experience, and environment

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3
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg (egg + sperm)

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4
Q

Human embryo develops 3 cell layers

A

Process of gastrulation:
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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5
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer, becomes the nervous system

As it thickens, grown into a flat neural plate

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6
Q

Neural groove

A

Uneven rates of cell division form the neural groove, which will become the midline

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7
Q

Neural tube

A

Forms from the neural ridges, which will become the CNS

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8
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Form the PNS

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9
Q

3 subdivisions of the anterior part of the neural tube

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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10
Q

Interior of neural tube becomes the ________

A

cerebral ventricles

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11
Q

Genotype

A

Sum of all the genetic info that we inherit

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

Sum of physical characteristics that make up an individual

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13
Q

Most cells are influenced by:

A

intrinsic factors (internal) AND extrinsic factors (environmental)

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14
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Recessive genetic disorder where individual cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid present in a variety of food types

If the individual consumes these things, brain can be damaged from buildup of phenylalanine

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15
Q

How to live with PKU

A

If you reduce the amount of phenylalanine in their diet, you can save the brain from damaging effects

Change the outcome of genes by influencing their experiences

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16
Q

Example of genes and experience having different outcomes

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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17
Q

Development of the nervous system can be divided into 6 stages

A

Neurogenesis
Cell migration
Differentiation
Synaptogenesis
Neuronal cell death
Synapse rearrangement

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18
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Mitotic production of neurons from neuronal cells

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19
Q

Cell migration

A

Movement of cells to establish distinct populations

20
Q

Differentiation

A

Transformation of precursor cells into distinctive neurons or glial cells

21
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Establishment of synaptic connections

22
Q

Neuronal cell death

A

Selective death of many nerve cells

23
Q

Synapse rearrangement

A

Loss or development of synapses to refine synaptic connections

24
Q

Process of neurogenesis

A

Cells divide through mitosis and form the ventricular zone

Many more cells are born than will be needed

25
Q

Example of cell fate determined ONLY by intrinsic factors

A

Mitotic lineage: In the nematode, C. elegans, researchers can follow the development of every neuron

26
Q

Development in vertebrates

A

Development is shaped by cell-cell interactions

Extrinsic factor; less predetermined

Adds much more flexibility– if a cell is missing during development, other cells can take its place

27
Q

Process of cell migration

A

Cells move away from ventricular layer

In cerebral cortex, radial glial cells act as guides for cells to migrate along to make cortical columns

28
Q

Inside-out development

A

Cells establish themselves close to the ventricular layer, and as new cells are born, they move over the existing cells

29
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Proteins on cell surfaces that guide migration when cells migrate further distances

Important for populating cerebral cortex and guiding neurons that have to move outward (tangentially)

30
Q

Migrating cells have _____ that respond to chemicals in the environment and those released by target cells

A

growth cones

31
Q

Chemoattractants

A

Chemical signals that attract certain growth cones

32
Q

Chemorepellents

A

Repel growth cones

33
Q

Filopodia

A

Outgrowths of growth cones and important for detecting and processing environmental signals (also important for movement)

They adhere to CAMs in the environment and pull the growth cone in a particular direction

34
Q

Process of cell differetiation

A

In vertebrates, young neural cells have the capacity to become many varieties of neurons

The type of cell it will become can be limited as it travels based on extracellular factors it comes into contact with

When cells reach their destinations, they express specific genes to make the proteins they need for their cell type

35
Q

What is the purpose of cell differentiation?

A

Allows a cell to acquire its specific appearance and function for its final destination

The use of extrinsic factors to guide differentiation offers more flexibility than using intrinsic factors

36
Q

Process of synaptogenesis

A

Biggest change in brain cells after birth is growth of axons and dendrites– development of synapses (synaptogenesis)

Extensions emerge from growth cones at the tips of axons and dendrites, and synapses form rapidly on dendrites and dendritic spines

The most intense phase of myelination occurs shortly after birth, extending into young adulthood

37
Q

Process of cell death

A

Also called apoptosis

Many more cells are born than the brain needs
So that you only undergo neurogenesis once, easier to make extra than to not have enough

Cells that undergo apoptosis aren’t damaged – they’re just not needed

Cells have death genes that are expressed only during
apoptosis, and this process is highly regulated

38
Q

Caspases

A

a family of proteases that cut up proteins and DNA; these are turned on to begin apoptosis

39
Q

Neurotrophic factors

A

Neurons compete for chemicals that target cells make, called neurotrophic factors

Without enough, they die

40
Q

Nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

A neurotrophic protein essential for the survival of nerve neurons during development

41
Q

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A

A protein in the brain and spinal cord that helps nerve cells survive, grow, and mature

42
Q

Process of synapse rearrangement

A

Synapse rearrangement, or synaptic modeling, refines synaptic connections

This stage continues throughout our lifetime

Thinning of gray matter in cortex as brain develops from back to front

43
Q

fragile X syndrome

A

Normal pruning of synapses after birth is blocked, resulting in mental impairment

44
Q

Environmental factors can limit brain development

A

Ex: hypoxia– lack of oxygen during birth that affects the brain

Ex: undernourished mothers –> underweight children w brain abnormalities due to lack of nutrients

Ex: drug and alcohol use

45
Q

Behavioral teratology

A

studies pathological effects of early exposure to toxic substances

46
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Abnormal smallness of cerebral cortex

No corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres

Psych 230 exam 2 (7 decks)

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