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Psych 230 exam 2 > 1. Hormones > Flashcards

1. Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals secreted by a group of cells that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets

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2
Q

Release hormones within the body

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

Use ducts to secrete fluids such as tears

A

Exocrine glands

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4
Q

First formal study of endocrinology

A

Arnold Berthold in 1849
Wanted to see what happens when he removes testes via castration in chickens

1st group: control
Grew up normally
Aggressive, mounted hens, normal crowing and vocalization

2nd group: testes removed
Grew up small
Don’t mount hens, aren’t aggressive, weak crowing

3rd group: testes extracted and re-placed into the abdominal cavity (are original nerve connections required?)
Grew up normally

Findings:
Something from the testes is necessary for typical development of male roosters in terms of behavior and physical appearance

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5
Q

Organizational vs. activational effects of hormones

A

Brain and body are organized by exposure to hormones early in life
Changes can be dramatic and long-lasting

Later in life, hormones activate behaviors
But their effects tend to be less dramatic and short-lived

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6
Q

Synaptic communication

A

Involves chemical release into the synaptic cleft for action on the postsynaptic membrane

Action is limited to postsynaptic membrane

Very fast; specific path

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7
Q

Endocrine communication

A

A hormone is released into the bloodstream and acts on appropriate receptors
They can act anywhere there’s blood

Slow; way more paths for it to take

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8
Q

Neuroendocrine communication

A

Neurons that release hormones into the blood
Synaptic transmission

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9
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Can act as neuromodulators and alter sensitivity to transmitters

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10
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Chemicals that fine-tune neuron activity over time

Act slowly and have long-lasting effects

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11
Q

Forms of chemical communication

A

Paracrine function
Autocrine function
Pheromone function
Allomone function

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12
Q

Paracrine function

A

The released chemical diffuses to nearby cells

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13
Q

Autocrine function

A

A released chemical signal can feed back and send a message to the cell that produced it
Similar to an autoreceptor (communicates retrogradely)

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14
Q

Pheromone function

A

Hormones can be used to communicate between individuals of the same species

Chemicals released into the environment

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15
Q

Allomone function

A

Chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species

Ex: skunk spray
Ex: female spider releases sex hormone to attract male moths that she can eat

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16
Q

General principles of hormone action

A
  • hormones act gradually
  • hormones act by changing the probability or intensity of a behavior occurring
  • hormones do not MAKE you do anything
  • the relationship between behavior and hormones is reciprocal, or bidirectional (hormones can influence behavior, and behavior can influence hormones)
  • some hormones can affect more than one target, and some targets are affected by more than one hormone
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17
Q

More principles of hormones

A
  • hormones often have a pulsatile release pattern (bursts, pulses)
  • hormones can interact with other hormones and change their effects
  • hormones can only affect cells with a receptor for that hormone
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18
Q

Peptide hormone or protein hormone

A

a string of amino acids

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19
Q

Amine hormones

A

modified amino acids (monoamine hormones)

20
Q

Steroid hormones

A

4 rings of carbon atoms and are derived from cholesterol

21
Q

Some chemicals can act as both neurotransmitters and hormones

A

It depends on the cells that release them, and where they are released

22
Q

Peptide and protein hormones

A

Peptides are smaller, protein are larger (50 amino acids is the cutoff)

The most common type of hormone found in mammals

Can be stored in vesicles

They’re large and can’t diffuse in and out of cells and pass through cell membranes, so they have to bind to receptors outside of the cells

23
Q

Amine hormones

A

Derived from amino acids

They’re single amino acids

2 classes of these affect behavior:
Indoleamines
Catecholamines

24
Q

Protein and amine hormone action

A

Bind to specific receptors embedded within the cell membrane and cause release of a second messenger, which brings about changes in cellular function

Action is relatively fast

25
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol

Small; can pass through cell membrane

Steroid binds to receptor inside cell, then the combo binds to DNA

Slower; effects are longer-lasting

Never stored

Some require carrier proteins (cofactors)

26
Q

Steroid hormones can act as a…

A

Transcription factor

Can change gene expression and protein production

27
Q

Recent discovery about steroid hormones

A

Recently, they discovered that steroid hormones can have a non-genomic effect– a rapid, brief effect involving neutral membrane receptors

Ex: estradiol can change behavior in females in a fast-acting way that cannot be explained by the traditional genomic way steroids usually act

28
Q

Neurosteroids

A

Steroids made in the brain, including testosterone and estrogens

29
Q

Aromatase

A

Brain produces an enzyme, aromatase, that converts testosterone into estrogens

The ovaries contain a lot of aromatase → increased release of estrogens

30
Q

Negative feedback

A

the output goes back and shuts things off, inhibiting further secretion

31
Q

Positive feedback

A

the output of a chemical causes more of the next thing to come out

32
Q

Autocrine negative feedback loop

A

Endocrine cells releasing a hormone whose presence feeds back on the endocrine cells

33
Q

Target cell feedback

A

Hormone acts on its target cell and has a biological effect
Biological effect is detected by the endocrine gland and further release is inhibited

34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Involved in brain regulation

Directs hormone release from endocrine glands (one of which is the pituitary gland)

The brain detects the hormone’s effects and exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus

35
Q

2 main parts of pituitary gland

A

Posterior and anterior pituitary

36
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Secretes 2 principal hormones:
Oxytocin
Vasopressin

Neurons in the supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize these hormones

Hormones travel along the pituitary stalk and into the blood supply

37
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Produces lots of hormones

Hypothalamus releases releasing hormones that trigger tropic hormones

Axons from cells converge on the median eminence above the pituitary stalk

Hormones secreted into blood vessels

38
Q

The hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that synthesize releasing hormones are influenced by:

A

Circulating messages, such as other hormones, blood sugar, and immune system products

Synaptic inputs from other brain areas

39
Q

Example of complex endocrine regulation

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

40
Q

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

A

Tropic hormone: ACTH (adrenocortico-tropic hormone)

Target: adrenal cortex

Hormones: corticosteroids

41
Q

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)

A

Tropic hormone: TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Target: thyroid

Hormones: thyroid hormones

42
Q

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

GnIH (gonadotropin inhibiting hormone)

A

Topic hormones: LH (leutinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Target: testes or ovaries

Hormones: androgens (testosterone) OR estrogens + progestins

43
Q

Prolactin releasing peptide

Prolactin inhibiting factor (may be dopamine)

A

Tropic hormone: prolactin

Target: mammary glands (milk production)

44
Q

Somatocrinin (stimulates)

Somatostatin (inhibits)

A

Tropic hormone: GH (growth hormone)

Target: bones

45
Q

Example of hormones affecting the body

A

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and is involved in milk letdown (nursing)

46
Q

Example of hormones affecting behavior

A

Oxytocin is released during nursing interactions and during orgasm to facilitate bonding; in female prairie voles, it promotes pair-bonds

Vasopressin facilitates the formation of pair-bonds in male prairie voles

Psych 230 exam 2 (7 decks)

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