4. Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is surface anatomy important for?
Centering and localisation
What is the standard anatomical position?
Standard upright, facing forward, feet flat on the floor, arms down by the side, palms facing outwards.
What are the anatomical planes?
Sagittal - slice from front of face to back of head
Coronal - slice from shoulder to shoulder
Transverse - slice in belly
Define supine.
Lying on your back, face up.
Define prone.
Lying on your front, face down.
Define unilateral.
Indicating one side of the body.
Define bilateral.
Indicating both sides of the body.
Define ipsilateral.
On the same side of the body.
Define contralateral.
On the opposite side.
Define superficial.
Close to the surface.
Define deep.
Further from the surface.
Define flexion.
Bending of a joint.
Define extension.
Straightening of a joint.
Define abduction.
Moving away from trunk.
Define adduction.
Moving towards the trunk.
Define supination.
Turning the anterior aspect towards the front.
Define pronation.
Turning the anterior aspect towards the back.
Define rotation.
Turning on a singe axis.
Define circumduction.
Triplane circular motion.
Define external rotation.
Rotating away from midline.
Define internal rotation.
Rotating towards midline.
Define lateral flexion.
Trunk bend to the left or right.
What is located in the Thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity, Mediastinum.
Describe the pleural cavity.
This is the lining in the edge of the thoracic cavity, which houses the lungs.
Parietal pleura lines the chest wall.
Visceral pleura line the lung parenchyma.
Describe the pericardial cavity.
This contains the heart.
Pericardium encapsulates the heart.
What does the mediastinum contain?
The great vessels, trachea, oesophagus.
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Stomach, spleen, liver, kidneys, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Bladder, reproductive organs, urethra and rectum.
List the Hierarchy of Structural Organisation.
Organism > organ system > organ > tissue > cellular > chemical.
Role of skeletal system.
Provide strength, tension and a frame for the body.
Protect internal organs.
Support movement + posture.
Produce blood cells.
Storage of minerals.
What does axial and appendicular system mean?
Axial - middle: skull, spine, ribs.
Appendicular - everything else.
How many bones are there in total?
206
What is the role of the muscular system?
Provide structure
Help maintain posture
Control movement (voluntary + involuntary)
Protect internal organs
What is the role of the integumentary system (skin)?
Physical barrier
Provide sensory information - touch, pain, temperature
Thermoregulation - e.g. sweating, heat loss
Maintains fluid balance
What is the role of the respiratory system?
Allows inhalation + exhalation of air
Moistens air
Facilitates gaseous exchange - e.g. oxygen into blood CO2 out
Facilitates speech
What is the role of the cardiovascular system?
Circulation of blood
Transport: oxygen rich blood, nutrients, hormones.
Removal of waste product for extretion
What is the role of the nervous system?
Controls the body (voluntary + involuntary movement)
Enable co-ordination
Process sensory information
Higher functions - personality, memory, cognition, emotions
What is the role of the digestive system (alimentary canal)?
Ingestion of nutrients + fluid
Digestion of food
Absorption of nutrients and water
Excretion of waste products
What is the role of the urinary system?
Excretion of waste products
Control of fluid balance
Helps maintain blood pressure
Production of erythrpietin
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
Immunity
~ monitors body surface + compartments
~ transports foreign material for disposal
Helps with absorption of fatty acids from the digestive system
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Produce hormones which regulate:
~ growth ~metabolism ~hunger/thirst ~sleep ~thromboregulation ~reproductive drive
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
Spermatogenesis
Feritilisation of the ovum
Production of testosterone
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
Release an ovum
Pregnancy
Protects a foetus
Initiate lactation
Produce hormones - oestrogen + progesterone
