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Hematology > 4. Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

4. Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Other term for hematopoiesis

A

Hemopoiesis

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2
Q

The process of blood cell formation

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

Classical marker of HSC

A

CD34

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4
Q

Hematopoiesis is considered to start around the ______ of embryonic development after fertilization

A

19th day

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5
Q

2 Theories on the origin of hematopoietic progenitor cells

A

polyphyletic theory
monophyletic theory

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6
Q

This theory suggests that each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem cell

A

Polyphyletic theory

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7
Q

This theory is the most widely accepted theory among experimental hematologists

A

Monophyletic theory

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8
Q

Monophyletic theory suggests that all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell called a

A

pluripotent stem cell

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9
Q

Three phases of hematopoiesis

A

Mesoblastic/Megaloblastic
Hepatic
Medullary/Intramedullary/Myeloid

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10
Q

Chief site of hematopoiesis in the mesoblastic phase

A

yolk sac

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11
Q

chief site of hematopoiesis in the hepatic phase

A

fetal liver

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12
Q

chief site of hematopoiesis during the medullary phase

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

During the hepatic phase, hematopoiesis can also occur on these sites (3)

A

spleen
thymus
lymph nodes

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14
Q

The first blood cells in mesoblastic phase are called

A

primitive erythroblasts

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15
Q

Primitive erythroblasts are formed during the

A

first 2-8 weeks of life

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16
Q

Primitive erythroblasts are important in the early embryogenesis to produce (3 types of Hgb) that are necessary to supply oxygen to embryonic tissues

A

Gower-1
Gower-2
Portland

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17
Q

How is yolk sac hematopoiesis different from the hematopoiesis that occurs during the subsequent fetal and adult stages?

A

Yolk sac hematopoiesis occurs intravascularly

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18
Q

The predominant Hgb during the hepatic phase

A

Hb F (Fetal Hemoglobin)

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19
Q

The first fully developed organ in the fetus

A

Thymus

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20
Q

Thymus is the major site for

A

T cell production

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21
Q

These 2 organs produce B cells during fetal phase

A

Kidneys
Spleen

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22
Q

Hematopoiesis starts in the bone marrow cavity ______ of fetal development

A

before the 5th month

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23
Q

The bone marrow becomes the chief site of hematopoiesis by the

A

end of 24 weeks’ gestation

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24
Q

Hematopoietic tissues of adults are located not only in the bone marrow, but also in the

A

lymph nodes
spleen
liver
thymus

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25
Q

The bone marrow contains developing (4) cells

A

erythroid
myeloid
lymphoid
megakaryocytic

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26
Q

The bone marrow is considered to be a primary lymphoid organ with functions equivalent to that of

A

Bursa of fabricus (birds)

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27
Q

The bone marrow is capable of generating around _____ per kg of body weight daily

A

2.5 billion rbcs
1 billion granulocytes
2.5 billion platelets

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28
Q

The process of replacing red marrow by yellow marrow during development

A

Retrogression

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29
Q

Between ages ______, adipocytes become more abundant and start to occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by active marrow

A

5 and 7 years old

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30
Q

Retrogression ultimately results in the restriction of the red marrow (adult) to the (4)

A

ribs
sternum, skull, shoulder blades
vertebrae
pelvis and proximal ends of long bones

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31
Q

T/F
Yellow marrow is incapable of reverting back to active marrow in cases of increased demand in the bone marrow.

A

False

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32
Q

Hematopoietically active marrow

A

red marrow

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33
Q

The yellow marrow is hematopoietically inactive and is primarily composed of

A

adipocytes

34
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow
thymus

35
Q

secondary/peripheral (major) lymphoid organs

A

spleen
lymph nodes

36
Q

Thymus develops during fetal development and continues until puberty. It then undergoes

A

atrophy with aging

37
Q

Lymphoid cells fated to become B cells undergo their early stages of differentiation within the

A

bone marrow

38
Q

2 major functions of the secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs

A

trapping and concentrating foreign substances
main sites of antibody production and induction of Ag-specific T lymphocytes

39
Q

The largest of the secondary lymphoid organs

A

Spleen

40
Q

Lymph nodes are small ovoid, bean-shaped structures measuring

A

<1 cm in diameter

41
Q

Spleen is a major organ in the body in which ______ are synthesized and from which they are released into the circulation.

A

antibodies

42
Q

Effect of splenectomy to children

A

increased incidence of bacterial sepsis

43
Q

causative agents of bacterial sepsis in children who had splenectomy

A

streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
haemophilus influenzae

44
Q

Effect of splenectomy in adults

A

> less adverse effects
increase in blood-borne bacterial infections/ bacteremia

45
Q

Removal of spleen

A

Splenectomy

46
Q

Refers to the increased hemolytic activity of the spleen caused by splenomegaly

A

hypersplenism

47
Q

Any disorder characterized by a localized/generalized enlargement of lymph nodes/vessels

A

lymphadenopathy

48
Q

Solid tumor neoplasm of lymphoid tissue

A

lymphoma

49
Q

Minor secondary lymphoid organs (4)

A

tonsils
appendix
peyer’s patches
MALT

50
Q

This organ detects and responds to antigens in the respiratory and alimentary secretions

A

tonsil

51
Q

These are clusters of lymphocytes distributed in the lining of the small intestine

A

peyer’s patches

52
Q

peyer’s patches detect substances that diffuse across the

A

intestinal epithelium

53
Q

MALT stands for

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

54
Q

This is a general term for the unencapsulated lymphoid tissues present in regions underlying the mucosal areas

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

55
Q

Bone marrow collection sites (5)

A

Posterior superior iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac crest
Sternum
Anterior medial surface of the tibia
Spinous process of the vertebrae, ribs, and other red marrow containing tissues

56
Q

preferred collection site for bone marrow aspiration in adults

A

posterior superior iliac crest
anterior superior iliac crest

57
Q

preferred collection site for bone marrow aspiration in children <2 years old

A

anterior medial surface of the tibia

58
Q

This organ can maintain hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells to generate various blood cells as a response to infectious agents or pathologic myelofibrosis of the bone marrow.

A

Liver

59
Q

the largest cell in a normal marrow

A

megakaryocyte (30-50 um)

60
Q

normal marrow cells

A

developing HSCs
macrophages
mast cells
osteoblasts
osteoclasts

61
Q

macrophage size

A

40-50 um in diameter

62
Q

Macrophages are + for this cytochemical stain

A

nonspecific (alpha napththyl acetate or alpha naphthyl butyrate) esterase

63
Q

diameter of mast cells

A

12-25 um

64
Q

mast cells are + for this cytochemical stain

A

chloroacetate esterase

65
Q

these cells synthesize new bone matrix

A

osteoblasts

66
Q

osteoblasts appearance

A

waterbug/comet

67
Q

These are large, multinucleated cells with >100 um diameter

A

osteoclasts

68
Q

M:E ration in leukemia

A

10:1

69
Q

normal M:E ratio

A

2:1 to 4:1

70
Q

In marrow differential, it is recommended to count

A

at least 500
preferably 1000 cells (500 cells on each of 2 slides)

71
Q

myeloid cells will become

A

wbcs

72
Q

erythroid cells will become

A

rbcs

73
Q

bone marrow aspirate vs bone marrow biopsy

A

BMA disturbs bone marrow architecture; BMB does not

74
Q

Bone marrow aspirate is used for

A

analysis of individual cell morphology

75
Q

Bone marrow aspirate smears should be retained for

A

10 years

76
Q

Advantage of bone marrow biopsy

A

gives a better picture of the real structure of the bone marrow

77
Q

blood cell production outside of the bone marrow

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

78
Q

The spleen normally produces

A

lymphoid cells

79
Q

Extramedullary hematopoiesis mainly occurs in the

A

liver
spleen

80
Q

extramedullary hematopoiesis is often accompanied with

A

splenomegaly
hepatomegaly

Hematology (7 decks)

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