4: Healthy term infants

Question 1

What is the normal range of birth weights?

Answer 1

2.5 - 4.0 kg

Question 2

Under which weight is a baby small for gestational age?

Answer 2

< 2.5 kg

Question 3

Over which weight is a baby large for gestational age?

Answer 3

> 4.0 kg

Question 4

In which point in gestation is most fat laid down?

Answer 4

3rd trimester

So if a baby is pre-term, their % body fat will be low

Question 5

What metabolic disorder does foetal hypoxia lead to?

Answer 5

Metabolic acidosis

Question 6

Which score is used to evaluate how well a newborn has adapted post-birth?

Answer 6

Apgar score

Question 7

What are the criteria in an Apgar score?

Answer 7

HR

RR

Responsiveness

Tone

Colour

0, 1 or 2 for each; scored out of 10

Question 8

Why should babies be kept warm?

Answer 8

Reduces cold stress - hypoglycaemia

Accelerates adapation - reduced pulmonary pressure

Question 9

What sort of contact should babies have with their mothers post-birth?

Answer 9

Skin-to-skin contact

for bonding, breastfeeding, adaptation

Question 10

In the first days after birth, babies will be (hyper/hypo)glycaemicandfeed (often / little).

Answer 10

hypoglycaemic

feed little

adequate glycogen reserves

Question 11

Which disease, seen in newborns, requires Vitamin K injections?

Answer 11

Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn

major bleeding disorder

Question 12

How is haemorrhagic disease avoided in newborns?

Answer 12

Vitamin K injection shortly after birth

All babies receive this

Question 13

Which infectious diseases can be passed from a mother to her child?

Answer 13

Hepatitis B & C

HIV

Syphilis

Tuberculosis

Group B Strep

loads more - rubella, CMV…

Question 14

What should you monitor to reduce the risk of a neonate developing sepsis?

Answer 14

NEWS chart

Question 15

What injection are all neonates given shortly after birth?

Answer 15

Vitamin K

Question 16

All newborns will have their ___ checked as part of newborn examination.

Answer 16

hips

for DDH, dodgy hip pathology

Question 17

Which special sense do newborns have tested after birth?

Answer 17

Hearing

to prevent language delay later on

Question 18

Which diseases are screened for by the newborn heel prick test?

Answer 18

Congenital hypothyroidism

Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell anaemia

Metabolic diseases e.g PKU

Question 19

What is caput?

Answer 19

Cranial oedema seen in neonates

Question 20

___ can distort the sutures and fontanelles in early neonates.

Answer 20

Moulding

Question 21

How is vision screened for in a neonatal examination?

Answer 21

Red reflexes

Question 22

What pathologies most often cause lack of red reflexes in neonates?

Answer 22

Cataracts

Retinoblastoma

Question 23

Which lip / palette malformation should you always be on the lookout for in neonates?

Answer 23

Cleft lip / palette

Question 24

Describe the timing of delivery and weight of babies with foetal alcohol syndrome.

Answer 24

Pre-term delivery

Small for gestational age +/- IUGR

Question 25

What are some of the facial features of foetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 25

Thin upper lip

Absent philtrum

Epicanthal folds

Small, widely spaced eyes

Question 26

What are signs of respiratory distress in a newborn?

Answer 26

Tachypnoea

Cyanosis

Grunting

Nasal flaring

Indrawing

Sternal/intercostal recession

Question 27

What are the cardiovascular steps in a newborn examination?

Answer 27

Apex

Heaves and thrills

Heart sounds

Femoral pulses

Question 28

Which pulses must you feel for in newborns?

Answer 28

Femoral pulses

Question 29

What is gastroschisis?

Answer 29

Protrusion of bowel from muscle weakness around the umbilicus

Question 30

What is an omphalocele?

Answer 30

Protrusion of bowel from the umbilicus itself

Question 31

Which hip problem are you looking for on neonatal examination?

Which tests would you do to confirm this?

Answer 31

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

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