4. Growth of Reform before 1832

Question 1

What are the 4 areas for this plan?

Answer 1

1. Individuals
2. Mass Movements
3. Parliamentary Concern
4. 10 Hour Movement

Question 2

Individuals

Who wrote the first Industrial Novel in Britain, and when was it published?

Answer 2

• Francis Trollope wrote the first Industrial Novel in Britain.
• It was published in 1840.

Question 3

Individuals

What was the title of the first Industrial Novel in Britain?

Answer 3

The title of the first Industrial Novel in Britain is ‘Michael Armstrong Factory Boy’.

Question 4

Individuals

How much did each instalment of the novel cost?

Answer 4

Each instalment of the novel cost 1 shilling.

Question 5

Individuals

What message did the novel convey about Individual Philanthropy?

Answer 5

The novel conveyed the message that Individual Philanthropy was inadequate.

Question 6

Individuals

Who attempted to introduce bills with a 10-hour clause in Parliament?

Answer 6

Lord Ashley attempted to introduce bills with a 10-hour clause in Parliament.

Question 7

Individuals

In which years did Lord Ashley attempt to introduce these bills?

Answer 7

Lord Ashley attempted to introduce bills in 1838, 1839, and 1840.

Question 8

Individuals

Who supported Lord Ashley in his efforts to introduce the 10-hour clause?

Answer 8

Oastler and Bull supported Lord Ashley in his efforts to introduce the 10-hour clause.

Question 9

Individuals

Who led the 10-hour movement?

Answer 9

Richard Oastler led the 10-hour movement.

Question 10

Individuals

What was Richard Oastler’s occupation and hometown?

Answer 10

Richard Oastler was a Tory landowner from Huddersfield.

Question 11

Individuals

What did Richard Oastler want children to become?

Answer 11

Richard Oastler wanted children to become effective workers.

Question 12

Individuals

Who was chosen as the delegate to travel to London and gain Lord Ashley’s support?

Answer 12

George Bull was chosen as the delegate to travel to London and gain Lord Ashley’s support.

Question 13

Individuals

When did the break in relations between Oastler and Bull occur?

Answer 13

The break in relations between Oastler and Bull occurred after an 1836 meeting where Oastler suggested Machine Breaking.

Question 14

Mass Movements

Who were the Luddites and what did they do?

Answer 14

The Luddites were skilled workers who attacked steam-powered looms and other machinery.

They destroyed 1000 frames by February 1812, causing £6000 - £10000 worth of damage.

Question 15

Mass Movements

When did the Luddite movement take place and where did it originally start?

Answer 15

The Luddite movement took place from 1811 to 1817. It originally started in Nottinghamshire, but later spread to Lancashire and Yorkshire.

Question 16

Mass Movements

What were the causes of the Swing Riots?

Answer 16

The Swing Riots were caused by a decline in wages, hunger politics, and the introduction of threshing machines.

Question 17

Mass Movements

How much damage was caused by the Swing Riots and what were the consequences?

Answer 17

The Swing Riots resulted in £600 of riot damage and £100,000 of arson damage.

Additionally, 252 people were sentenced to death and 505 were transported.

Question 18

Mass Movements

Where did the Swing Riots primarily take place?

Answer 18

The Swing Riots primarily took place in South and Eastern England.

Question 19

Mass Movements

What were the Short Time Committees and where were they based?

Answer 19

The Short Time Committees were made up of spinners and weavers and were based in Huddersfield and Leeds.

Question 20

Mass Movements

When did the Short Time Committees campaign and what was the outcome?

Answer 20

The Short Time Committees campaigned from 1833 to 1847. Their efforts led to the passing of the Factory Act in 1847.

Question 21

Parliamentary Concern

What was a prominent concern in Parliament in 1833?

Answer 21

The Free Trade Agreement was a prominent concern in Parliament in 1833.

Question 22

Parliamentary Concern

Who believed that profit was made in the last hour of the day, and when was this belief endorsed by the government?

Answer 22

Nassau Senior believed that profit was made in the last hour of the day. This belief was endorsed by the government until the 1933 Factory Act.

Question 23

Parliamentary Concern

What percentage of the population was under 20 in 1821?

Answer 23

In 1821, 49% of the population was under 20.

Question 24

Parliamentary Concern

Who, among the Whigs, feared that children working too hard would reduce future productivity?

Answer 24

Among the Whigs, Thomas Babington Macauley feared that children working too hard would reduce future productivity.

Question 25

Parliamentary Concern

What was a common working schedule for children at that time?

Answer 25

A common working schedule for children at that time was 12 hours, 6 days a week.

Question 26

Parliamentary Concern

What were some examples of the lack of concern for the wellbeing of workers?

Answer 26

Some examples of the lack of concern for the well-being of workers include the practice of “scavengers” going under machines to collect cotton and “pieceners” winding cotton thread back together while the machine was running.

In 1859, 13-year-old Martha Appleton lost her fingers at work and was sacked without compensation.

Question 27

Parliamentary Concern

When did the Royal Commission publish a report on the conditions in mines and the treatment of children, and what was the result of this report?

Answer 27

The Royal Commission published a report on the conditions in mines and the treatment of children in 1842. This report greatly shocked the public and led to the 1842 Mine Act, which banned underground employment of women and children under 10.

Question 28

10 Hour Movement

Who led the campaign for a reduction of working hours from 1830-1847?

Answer 28

Richard Oastler and John Fielden.

Question 29

10 Hour Movement

When was the Factory Act introduced that mandated a 10-hour working day for women and children?

Answer 29

1847

Question 30

10 Hour Movement

How did some factories maintain a 12-hour working day despite the Factory Act?

Answer 30

By using relays.

Question 31

10 Hour Movement

In what year were the working hours increased to 10.5 as a concession to factory owners?

Answer 31

1850

Question 32

10 Hour Movement

Who led the resolution of the working hour issue in 1853?

Answer 32

Leonard Horner

Question 33

10 Hour Movement

What were the restricted working hours for children and women according to the 1853 Factory Act?

Answer 33

6am-6pm

Question 34

10 Hour Movement

Were the restricted hours (1853 Factory Act) often applied to men as well?

Answer 34

Yes