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Reproduction, Development and Ageing > 4. Growth in childhood > Flashcards

4. Growth in childhood Flashcards

1
Q

How is a baby’s height measured?

A

Lay down on measuring plate with hard board at both ends

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2
Q

What do centile charts measure?

A 
Express variation within the population
• Head circumference
• Weight
• Height
• Leg length
• BMI
• Growth velocity
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3
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Soft membranous gaps between the cranial bones - allow the expansion of the head as the brain grows

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4
Q

Why do we measure head circumference?

A
  • To check if the brain is growing well

* To check for increased fluid in the head

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5
Q

What units is the height-velocity chart expressed in?

A

cm/year

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6
Q

What happens to height velocity at puberty?

A

Sudden fast growth then stop - pubertal growth spurt

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7
Q

How often do we calculate height for height-velocity calculations?

A

6 months or a year apart (any less will introduce error)

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8
Q

Which axis is the regulator of human linear growth?

A

GH - IGF-1 axis

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9
Q

How is GH secreted?

A
  • By somatotroph cells of anterior pituitary
  • Pulsatile secretion
  • Influenced by nutrition, sleep, exercise and stress
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10
Q

Where is 70% of IGF-1 made?

A

Liver

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11
Q

Where are IGF-1 receptors located?

A

Growth plates of bones

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12
Q

What types of hormonal effects does IGF-1 have?

A

Autocrine and paracrine

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13
Q

What bone cells does IGF-1 stimulate?

A

Osteoblasts

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14
Q

Which hormone negatively controls the growth hormone?

A

Somatostatin from the hypothalamus

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15
Q

When is the most rapid phase of growth?

A

Antenatal

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16
Q

Does IGF-2 control growth?

A

Yes (paternally imprinted)

17
Q

What mainly controls growth in the baby’s first year?

A

Nutrition

18
Q

How are sex steroid involve in growth?

A
  • Work with GH to make you grow fast

* They then fuse the growth plates

19
Q

When do girls and boys have their growth spurt?

A
  • Girls - beginning of puberty (13yrs)

* Boys - slightly after (15yrs)

20
Q

Is there an average height difference between boys and girls?

A

Boys are 13-14cm taller than girls

21
Q

What are the final epiphyses to fuse?

A

In the pelvis

22
Q

Are centiles a “normal range”?

A

No, they are a population distribution

23
Q

What are the causes of short stature?

A
  • Genetic
  • Pubertal and growth delay
  • IUGR/SGA
  • Dysmorphic syndromes
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Chronic paediatric disease e.g. asthma, CF, IBD
  • Psychosocial deprivation
24
Q

What can the mid-parental centile be used for?

A

Estimate maximum potential height of child, by correcting the growth chart, adjusted for the parents’ height

25
Q

How can you calculate leg length?

A

Standing height - sitting height

shorter legs cause abnormal standing height, but normal sitting height

26
Q

What endocrine disorders can cause short stature?

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • GH deficiency
  • Steroid excess
27
Q

What can cause tall stature?

A
  • Genetic
  • Early puberty
  • Marfan’s syndrome
  • GH excess
28
Q

What proportion of adults are overweight/obese?

A

2/3

29
Q

How is obesity changing in the world?

A

Increasing

30
Q

What are complications of obesity?

A
  • T2DM
  • Orthopaedic problems
  • Polycystic ovarian disease
  • Cardiovascular risk
  • Psychological problems
  • Cancer
  • Respiratory difficulties
31
Q

Is the BMI for children the same for adults?

A

No

32
Q

Which synromes are associated with obesity?

A
  • Cushing’s
  • Prader-Willi
  • Lawrence Moon-Biedl
33
Q

When should a human have primitive reflexes?

A
  • Only as babies
  • Most disappear in the first few weeks of life
  • If they don’t disappear in childhood, this is problematic
34
Q

When can a baby stand and walk?

A
  • Stand - 12 months

* Walk - 15 months

35
Q

When can a baby imitate speech (dada, mama, gaga)?

A

6 months

dada, mama specifically at 9 months

36
Q

When can a child put on shoes?

A

2 years

37
Q

When does cerebral palsy appear?

A

Early childhood

abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance and posture

38
Q

What are commonly used assessment tools for childhood development?

A
  • Standardised tests
  • Schedule of Growing Skills
  • Griffiths developmental scale
  • Bailey developmental scale
  • Denver developmental screening tests

Reproduction, Development and Ageing (7 decks)

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