4 - Groups and Organization IP

Question 1

primary groups

Answer 1

groups that are small in size and characterized by personal, intimate, and nonspecialized relationships between their members, such as a family, friendship group, or athletic team. (90)

Question 2

aggregate

Answer 2

people who happen to be in the same place at the same time, even though they do not interact with one another, such as people waiting at a bus stop or taking the elevator in a high-rise building. (93)

Question 3

social group

Answer 3

a collection of people who are aware of their membership, have common goals and interests, share statuses and roles, and interact with one another. (90)

Question 4

bureaucratic personality

Answer 4

a personality common to members of a bureaucratic organization which emphasizes conformity, rigidity, and timidity. (101)

Question 5

autocratic leaders

Answer 5

leaders who are thoroughly directive, dictating all actions and techniques in achieving group goals. (95)

Question 6

groupthink

Answer 6

pressuring group members to make decisions unanimously, sometimes at the expense of critical thinking and the realistic appraisal or alternatives. (98)

Question 7

task roles

Answer 7

the actions of leaders that move the group toward achieving its goals, also referred to as instrumental roles. (95)

Question 8

in-group

Answer 8

a group in which one feels positively toward and identifies with, and produces a sense of loyalty or “we” feeling. (92)

Question 9

ideal type

Answer 9

an abstract description based on many observations of actual bureaucracies. (100)

Question 10

risky shift

Answer 10

a phenomenon where people in groups tend to make more daring and bold choices than they would if acting individually. (96)

Question 11

Parkinson’s Law

Answer 11

the tendency of work in a bureaucracy to occupy the number of workers assigned to it and fill the time available for its completion, regardless of the actual amount of work involved. (101)

Question 12

expressive roles

Answer 12

roles in which leaders work to produce harmony, enjoyment, relaxation, or high morale among group members, also known as socioemotional roles or relationship-oriented roles. (95)

Question 13

bureaucracies

Answer 13

rationally created formal organizations that are based on hierarchical authority and explicit rules of procedure. (99)

Question 14

relationship-oriented roles

Answer 14

roles in which leaders work to produce harmony, enjoyment, relaxation, or high morale among group members, also known as expressive roles or socioemotional roles. (95)

Question 15

reference group

Answer 15

a group that people use as a standard in evaluating or understanding themselves, their attitudes, and their behavior. (93)

Question 16

organizational diagnoses

Answer 16

using the theories, methods, and research findings from sociology and other social sciences to assess the cultures of particular organizations and how those cultures affect organizational operation. (105)

Question 17

social category

Answer 17

people who share some characteristic in common, such as Italians, Muslims, rock fans, golfers, or left-handed people. (93)

Question 18

secondary groups

Answer 18

groups based on task oriented, impersonal, and specialized ties with people that may be small, but are often large. Secondary groups include business organizations, universities, and hospitals. (91)

Question 19

human relations approach

Answer 19

an organizational model based on the assumption that the social, psychological, and physical needs of people who work in organizations must be considered if the organizations are to be productive and efficient. (102)

Question 20

out-group

Answer 20

group to which we do not belong and that we may view in a neutral or possibly hostile fashion. (92)

Question 21

organizational culture

Answer 21

the ideas, knowledge, values, behaviors, and material objects that are shared by members of a particular organization. (105)

Question 22

socioemotional roles

Answer 22

roles in which leaders work to produce harmony, enjoyment, relaxation, or high morale among group members, also known as expressive roles or relationship-oriented roles. (95)

Question 23

social loafing

Answer 23

the tendency of people in groups to put out less effort to achieve goals than when working alone. (107)

Question 24

group cohesion

Answer 24

the degree to which people stick together and members feel committed to one another and attracted to the group. (97)

Question 25

democratic leaders

Answer 25

leaders who allow group members to take part in shaping the policies of the group and choosing procedures for accomplishing group goals. (95)

Question 26

oligarchy

Answer 26

an organizational phenomenon in which power tends to become concentrated in the hands of a few people at the top of organizations. (108)

Question 27

trained incapacity

Answer 27

a situation in which people have been trained so completely to follow the rules that they are unable to act independently or innovatively. (101)

Question 28

instrumental roles

Answer 28

the actions of leaders that move the group toward achieving its goals, also referred to as task roles. (95)

Question 29

group polarization

Answer 29

group decisions on judgmental issues where the decisions tend to be more extreme than those made by individuals, a phenomenon originally identified as risky shift. (96)

Question 30

leadership

Answer 30

the exercise of influence over a group such that group behavior is directed toward particular outcomes or goals. (95)

Question 31

professional organizations

Answer 31

organizations that are smaller, less hierarchical, and have fewer rules and procedures than bureaucracies, also called postentrepreneurial organizations. (109)

Question 32

formal organizations

Answer 32

large, special purpose groups that are explicitly designed to achieve specific goals characterized by sets of interrelated statuses, roles, and norms. (99)

Question 33

Laissez-faire Leaders

Answer 33

leaders who withdraw from participation in the group and give members almost complete freedom to make decisions and choose alternative actions. (95)