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Sociology > 2 - Culture, Society, and Diversity > Flashcards

2 - Culture, Society, and Diversity Flashcards

Culture, Society, and Diversity.

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the components of culture? (8)

A
  1. Beliefs
  2. Values
  3. Norms
  4. Sanctions
  5. Folkways
  6. Mores
  7. Internalization
  8. Laws 37
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2
Q

Society

A

A group of people who are relatively self-sufficient and who share a common territory and culture.

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3
Q

Define culture.

What is the difference between material and nonmaterial culture?

A

Culture refers to the total lifestyle of a people, including all of the ideas, values, knowledge, behaviors, and material objects that they share.

Material culture consists of all the physical objects, or artifacts, made or used by people, such as canoes, stone clubs, jet airplanes, and skyscrapers.

Nonmaterial culture consists of those things that have no physical existence, such as language, ideas, knowledge, and behaviors.

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4
Q

Material Culture

A

Material culture consists of all the physical objects, or artifacts, made or used by people, such as canoes, stone clubs, jet airplanes, and skyscrapers.

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5
Q

Nonmaterial culture

A

Nonmaterial culture consists of those things that have no physical existence, such as language, ideas, knowledge, and behaviors.

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6
Q

Beliefs

A

The conceptions people have about what is true in the world.

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7
Q

Values

A

People’s ideas about what is good or bad, right or wrong.

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8
Q

Norms

A

Rules of conduct that guide people’s behavior in patricular situations.

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9
Q

Sanctions

A

Rewards or punishments for conforming to or violating norms.

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10
Q

Mores

A

Norms that are associated with strong feelings of right and wrong, the violation of which usually results in sanctions.

Ex: murder, incest, theft, public nudity

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11
Q

Internalization

A

Process which causes people to view the violation of most mores with antipathy such that they would not even consider committing such a violation. As a result, they control their own behavior.

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  • We learn to want what our culture demands from us.
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12
Q

Laws

A

Norms that have been formally codified by political authority.

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Many laws are based on mores.

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13
Q

Language

A

A set of written or verbal symbols that people use in an agreed-upon way to communicate with one another.

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14
Q

Ideal culture

A

The beliefs, values, and norms that people claim to follow.

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15
Q

Real culture

A

Actual behavior in relation to these professed beliefs, values, and norms.

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16
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Tendency to view one’s own culture as the best and to judge other cultures in comparison to it.

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17
Q

Cultural relativity

A

The lifestyles of various peoples should be viewed in terms of their own culture rather than that of the observer.

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18
Q

Subculture

A

A group within a culture that shares some of the beliefs, values, and norms of the larger culture but also has some that are distinctly its own.

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19
Q

Social structure

A

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20
Q

Status

A

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21
Q

Ascribed statuses

A

Assigned to people and represent social positions over which people have little say about occupying.

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22
Q

Achieved statuses

A

Based on people’s accomplishments or activities and reflect social positions people gain through their own efforts.

Ex: Someone earns a college degree.

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23
Q

Master status

A

A particular status becomes central to the way people view themselves or are viewed by others.

Ex: gender, race, age.

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24
Q

Roles

A

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25
Q

Role set

A

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26
Q

Impression management

A

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27
Q

Role-taking

A

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28
Q

Role strain

A

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29
Q

Role conflict

A

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30
Q

Groups

A

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31
Q

Social institutions

A

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32
Q

Gemeinschaft

A

“community” in German.

Think Mein = Mine = Us

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33
Q

Gesellschaft

A

“society” or “assocation” in German.

Think geLL = ALL = Society

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34
Q

Postindustrial societies

A

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35
Q

Cultural globalization

A

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36
Q

True or False:

The Comanche Indian society of the 19th century stressed individualism, as did the Euro-American culture of the time.

A

True.

37
Q

The term ________ refers to the total lifestyle of a people, including all of the ideas, values, knowledge, behaviors, and material objects that they share.

A

Culture

38
Q

The various elements of culture fall into two general categories: _____ and _____.

A

Material culture and nonmaterial culture.

39
Q

True or False:

One of the mainstream cultural values in the United States, according to this chapter, is tradition.

A

False.

40
Q

The fact that people in the United States strive to make things better and to improve the future in comparison to the present reflects the cultural value of ___.

A

progress, efficiency, practicality

41
Q

___ refers to the process by which people incorporate social norms into their own personal codes of conduct.

A

Internalization

42
Q

When two cultures come into contact, cultural change is likely to occur through a process of ____.

A

diffusion

43
Q

Argot is the specialized language of a ___.

A

subculture

44
Q

Diffusion refers to a source of cultural change that is internal to a society rather than external.

A

False

45
Q

In the study of other cultures, social scientists promote ethnocentrism, rather than cultural relativism, as the more useful way to understand a culture.

A
46
Q

What is important about a master status is that it is central to the way in which people view themselves or are viewed by others.

A

True

47
Q

Role conflict is one form of role strain.

A

True

48
Q

What distinguishes the concepts status and role is that a person ____ a status and ___ a role.

A

occupies, performs

49
Q

_____ refers to imaginatively putting yourself in another’s place and trying to figure out what meanings that person attaches to situations and what behaviors he or she will engage in.

A

role-taking

50
Q

What are the five basic subsistence patterns?

A
  1. Hunting and gathering
  2. Pastoralism
  3. Horticulturalism
  4. Agriculturalism
  5. Industrialism
51
Q

Which of the following exemplifies “sanctions”?

a. A person is rewarded for conforming to a norm.
b. People are given rules of conduct to guide their behavior.
c. People control their own behavior.
d. Language shapes people’s perceptions of reality.
e. All of the above.

A

a

52
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate statement of the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

a. Language reflects the world in which we live.
b. The language we speak shapes how we think about and perceive the world.
c. Our perceptions of the world shape the kind of language that we speak.
d. Language is a passive and neutral means of communication what we perceive in the world.
e. Language does not serve as a filter for reality.

A

b

53
Q

Which of the following would be the best example of an ascribed status?

a. Being born male.
b. Graduating from college.
c. Getting married.
d. Selling drugs.
e. Joining a religion.

A

a. Being born male.

54
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of a “master status”?

a. A status that is based on a person’s accomplismhments or activities.
b. A status that is central to the way people view themselves or are viewed by others.
c. A status that is assigned to people and over which they have little say about occupying.
d. All the roles associated with a particular status.
e. A status that has important expectations associated with it.

A

b. A status that is central to the way people view themselves or are viewed by others.

55
Q
  1. Which sociologist was responsible for developing a dramaturgical analogy in studying social interaction?
    a. Talcott Parsons.
    b. Robert K. Merton.
    c. Karl Marx.
    d. Edward Sapir.
    e. Erving Goffman.
A

b. Robert K. Merton.

56
Q
  1. The subsistence patter that involves raising herds of domestic animals is known as:
    a. hunting and gathering.
    b. pastoralism.
    c. horticulturalism.
    d. agriculture.
    e. industrialism.
A

b. pastoralism.

57
Q
  1. Which of hte following characteristics applies to preindustrial societies more than to industrial ones?
    a. Social relations are personal and intimate.
    b. Specialized institutions emerge in institutional realms.
    c. Formal means of social control develop.
    d. Achievement overshadows ascription.
    e. None of the above are more charactersitic of preindustrial societies.
A

a. Social relations are personal and intimate.

58
Q

Describe Comanche social organziation.

A

It had five levels:

  1. family
  2. residence band
  3. division
  4. focused-activity group
  5. Comanche community
59
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that are customary, popular, and widely performed, but not required.

Ex: shaking hands, bathing frequently, and being quiet in church.

  • There is some pressure to conform to folkways; violating them usually results in weak, informal, negative sanctions.
60
Q

Diffusion

A

Spread of cultural elements from one culture to another.

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Sociology (7 decks)

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