4 Functional groups Flashcards
What is the main element in organic molecules, and which elements does it commonly bond with?
Carbon is the main element in organic molecules. It commonly bonds with hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and sulfur (S).
What is a hydrocarbon?
A molecule containing only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Example: methane.
What is carbon’s bonding capacity?
With 4 valence electrons, carbon can form 4 bonds, including single, double, or triple bonds.
What kind of structures can carbon form?
Carbon can form cyclic (ring-shaped) structures.
What is an alkane?
A hydrocarbon where all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.
What is an alkene?
A hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
What is an alkyne?
A hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
What is an aromatic ring?
A cyclic structure with alternating double bonds.
What is an aliphatic ring?
A cyclic structure without alternating double bonds.
What is a functional group?
A specific group of atoms that affects the chemical properties of a molecule.
What is a hydroxyl group, and where is it found?
A hydroxyl group is an -OH group bonded to carbon. It is found in alcohols.
What is a carbonyl group, and what compounds does it form?
A carbonyl group is a C=O group.
* If bonded to 1C and 1H, it forms an aldehyde.
* If bonded to 2C atoms, it forms a ketone
What is a carboxyl group, and where is it found?
A carboxyl group is a -COOH group bonded to carbon. It is found in organic acids like amino acids.
What is an amino group, and where is it found?
An amino group is an -NH₂ group bonded to carbon, found in amino acids. Compounds with amino groups are called amines.
What is a phosphate group, and where is it found?
A phosphate group is a -PO₄²⁻ group bonded to carbon. It is found in genetic material and its building blocks.
What is a sulfhydryl group, and what compounds contain it?
A sulfhydryl group is a -SH group bonded to carbon. Compounds with sulfhydryl groups are called thiols, and they help shape proteins.
Why are functional groups important?
Functional groups are where reactions happen on a molecule. Polar functional groups increase solubility in water.
